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TABLE OF CONTENTS
FIND MY IP ADDRESS OUTSIDE OF MY ROUTER
PORTFOWARD
AVTECH CPCAM TECH SUPPORT (Manuals, and Downloads, and Tips)
AVTECH DVRS
DEDICATED MICROS ( Lost Password Download Network Viewer Hard Drive Info )
CAN I RECORD?
LOURUO ELECTRONICS
DVR LEARNING LAB (pentamicro TW2804 IBM Power PC 405EP ademcovideo)
CONEXTANT LINKS
ICREALTIME DVR PROCESSOR
ZONEMINDER LINKS
EYEMAX / UNIXCCTV / TELPIX!
VIDEO COMPRESSION TUTORIAL (MPEG 4)
<<<<<Note: Learning Labs in the left column! <<<<
APPLE QUICK TIME FILE FORMAT SPECIFICATION
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
CAMERA LEARNING LAB
HIGH DEF IP CAM LEARNING LAB ( APTINA APRO DM 355 DaVinci Processor ARM 9 PDF)
CAMERAS ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE
LENS INFORMATION
DNS
HOW TO NETWORK AVTECH / CPCAM DVRS
DSL INFO ( ATT, BELLSOUTH, BRIGHTHOUSE, TIME WARNER, COMCAST AND MODEM INFO )
ISP OUTGOING SMTP SERVER HOSTS
ROUTER INFO ( COMPANY PRODUCT INFO TECH SUPPORT, AND FORUMS )
DD-WRT
ETHERNET
GIGABIT ETHERNET
ETHERNET OVER POWERLINE
HOMETECH INFO
GADGET INFO
POWER SUPPLY INFO (ALTRONIX)
DIGICOMM WIRE DROP SUPPLY
CHANNEL VISION
CHANNEL VISION GUIDES
LCD TV INFO
FMSYSTEM INFO (GROUND LOOP BLOCKERS, VIDEO SWITCHER, VIDEO PLEXORS, VIDEO TOOLS)
RS232 INFO
IT IS NOT AN RJ 45 AND IT IS NOT A DB9 ( RJ 45, DB 9 INFO)
MICROSOFT INFO
CA SPYWARE SCANNER (FREE)
ICRONTIC COMPUTER HELP
ZIP SOFTWARE ZIP / RAR
EARLY COMPUTERS TRS 80, COMMODORE 64
SCART INFO
HDMI INFO
DB9 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B
DB25 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B
TELEPHONE INFO
TELEPHONE LEARNING LAB
TELEPHONE FORUM
TELEPHONE PART, TOOLS, AND KNICKNACKS
TELEVISION LINKS
ANTENNA ORIENTATION FOR DTV
GUIDE TO CABLEING
GROUND LOOP ISSUES
BISCI
STATE LICENSE CONTRACTOR / FICT NAME / ALARM CONTRACTOR
FIBER OPTIC INFO
JIM HAYES HOME PAGE (FIBER GURU)
XANTECH PRODUCTS
INFO POSTED BY intelliGEORGE FROM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM
FIND MY IP ADDRESS OUTSIDE OF MY ROUTER
What is my IP address??
Google Search
This is what I use.....
http://ipchicken.com/
PORT FORWARD INFORMATION
Home page:
http://portforward.com/
Read this:
http://www.portforward.com/help/pfprogression.htm
Guides:
http://portforward.com/guides.htm
Router Documentation:
http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/port_forwarding/routerindex.htm
PF (portfoward) Config Support and FAQ
http://portforward.com/store/pfsupport.htm
Securing Your Wireless Network:
http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/wireless/routerindex.htm
Firewall info:
http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/firewalling/routerindex.htm
How to find a computers MAC address:
http://www.portforward.com/networking/MAC.htm
Forum:
http://forum.portforward.com/
YouTube Videos "router portfoward"
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=routers+port+fowarding&search_type=&aq=f
ROUTER INFO
http://scorpiontheater.com/router.aspx
HOW TO NETWORK AVTECH DVRs
http://scorpiontheater.com/videonetworkingwithavtech.aspx
AVTECH CPCAM TECH SUPPORT
AVTECH, AND CPCAM TECH SUPPORT:
http://scorpiontheater.com/troubleshooting.aspx
Tech Support, Manuals, and Downloads:
http://scorpiontheater.com/cpcamtechsupport.aspx
HOW TO NETWORK AVTech DVRs:
http://scorpiontheater.com/videonetworkingwithavtech.aspx
JAVA AP FOR AVTech. MAC USER / LINUX USER / SOLARIS USER
http://scorpiontheater.com/javaapp.aspx
HOW TO INSTALL VIDEO SERVER E
http://scorpiontheater.com/installserver.aspx
HOW TO DO A HARDWARE RESET
http://scorpiontheater.com/reset.aspx
NEW! AVC 760A / AVC 760AS / NUBIX 4ST NEW VIDEO SERVER AND MANUAL
http://scorpiontheater.com/nubix4st.aspx
CMS Central Management Software (Up to 256 cameras).
http://scorpiontheater.com/avcms.aspx
SCRUITS advice on Camera Image Layout:
http://scorpiontheater.com/cil.aspx
If http://211.22.74.18 is down then there is a mirror site here...
http://www.lakson.com.sg/cpcam/
for those of you who may be getting Avast warnings. do not worry. Take no action.
It is a false alert as far as I am aware of.
AVTECH
AVTECH TAIWAN
http://www.avtech.com.tw/english/cctv.aspx?Type=3&Type2=2
AVTECH HONG KONG Welfare Electronic Component Limited WECL weclonline
http://www.avtech.com.hk/eng/
CPCAM
http://www.cpcamcctv.com/En/index.aspx
CPCAM NEW YORK:
http://www.cpcamnewyork.com/ (Dead link. This link will stay in case it is activated again).
CPCAM NEW YORK LINK IS DEAD. It is owned by http://cpcamcctv.ca/ (Canada)
DEDICATED MICROS
http://www.dedicatedmicros.com/
http://www.dedicatedmicrosus.com/
Down load for Digital Sprite II Dedicated Micros Network Viewer
http://www.norbain.co.uk/go.php?structureID=software&ref=S431EEBF2C3BAB&confirmDownload=1&x=14&y=11
This is the Web Address to your Menu of your DM DSII DVR
http://192.168.0.200/webpages/index.shtml
Dedicated Micros Junction Box PDF
http://www.dedicatedmicros.com/uk/file.php?path=%2Fhome%2Fdedicated%2Fuk%2Ffiles%2Fsupport_docs%2Ff134&filename=MI-I-CJ01-E1-0_Junction_Box.pdf
Dedicated Micros Manuals, and Downloads (US)
http://www.dedicatedmicrosus.com/?id=149
Net Vu Observer, Map Demo, DM Network Viewer, and PlayBack Software
Ports to open on a DM DSII DVR
8234 to 8238
INFO FROM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=7369&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0
Hard Drive Info
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=8428
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=3003
Lost Password
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=10066
LOST PASSWORD INFO
If you ensure that you have setup an IP / subnet mask on the DS2 then check what version you have by pressing the menu button where the time / date is i.e (DVTX) or (DVTU) goto www.dedicatedmicros.com and download the latest software update for your machine.
Remover the primary hard drive from the DS2 and install it as an additional drive on your PC or use an USB to IDE interface remove all files on the drive do not format it once completed re insert the drive into your DS2 and power up the unit it will show halted in boot loader then launch the ftp programme that comes with the software upgrade and enter the DS2 IP address and the software will copy over when done down power and repower the DS2 and the software will reinstall with the default user name and passwords for the network viewer.
AVERMEDIA
USA
http://www.avermedia-usa.com/security.html
http://www.avermedia.com/AVerDiGi/
CONTACT AVERMEDIA
http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/AboutUs/Default.aspx?CID=21
FAQS
http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/faq.aspx
DOWNLOADS
http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/Download.aspx
AVerDiGi EB1504 NET
http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/DownloadDetail.aspx?id=139
AVerDiGi EB1304 MD
http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/DownloadDetail.aspx?id=90
AVerDiGi EB1304 MPEG4
http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/DownloadDetail.aspx?id=91
CAN I RECORD AUDIO?
Click here for more info!
Click on these links at http://www.rcfp.org/taping/
Introduction
State-by-state guide
Tape-recording laws at a glance
Consent and its limits
Interstate phone calls
Possession and publication
The FCC’s role
Cellular & cordless calls
Citations to cases in articles
Interspousal Wiretapping in California
http://erickregalado.wordpress.com/2008/05/21/interspousal-wiretapping-in-california/
18 U.S.C. §2511
http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/18usc2511.htm
LOUROE ELECTRONICS
http://www.louroe.com/
PRODUCTS
http://www.louroe.com/products.asp
MONITORING KITS
http://www.louroe.com/kits.asp?model=ask4kit101
SPECS
http://www.louroe.com/datasheets/ask4kit_101.pdf
INSTRUCTIONS
http://www.louroe.com/instructions/ask4kit101.pdf
WIRING
2 Conductor shielded, 22 gauge with a 24 gauge drain wire.
BASE STATION SINGLE ZONE
http://www.louroe.com/basestations.asp?model=apr1
BASE STATION FOUR ZONE
http://www.louroe.com/basestations.asp?model=ap4
VERIFACT MICROPHONE
http://www.louroe.com/mics.asp?model=amic
BIDIRECTIONAL ENCLOSURES (MIC/SPEAKER)
http://www.louroe.com/audiointerfacebi.asp?model=aopspwf
You can use the RG59 for audio. Loss will depend on what kind of camera, or should I say what kind of microphone, and support electronics that go with it. If it has a built in preamplifier then you should be good to go. If it does not have a preamplifier then you can hook it up, and test it. If it works then you are good to go, if it does not then you will have to add a preamplifier from the wire to what ever you are hooking the audio up to, which I assume will be the DVR.
If you are an installer then it would be worth it to get a crimping tool for compression fittings. You can get an RG59 RCA compression fitting to put on the wire then it will plug right in to an RCA input. You can crimp/twist/compress an BNC connector then you can use an adapter such as this:
http://eclipsecctv.com/ECL-1010_connector.html
4-Channel Stereo Microphone Mixer
You can use this as a preamplifier to plug a microphone in to your DVR (do not use the other channels). Use one for each mic.
http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2102920&cp=&sr=1&origkw=microphones+amplifiers&kw=microphones+amplifiers&parentPage=search
This can be used for PCs
http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2548721&cp=&pg=6&sr=1&origkw=microphones&kw=microphones&parentPage=search
Here is a portable tester from Radio Shack.
http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2062620&cp=&sr=1&origkw=microphones+amplifiers&kw=microphones+amplifiers&parentPage=search
http://www.radioshack.com/search/index.jsp?kwCatId=&kw=microphones%20amplifiers&origkw=microphones%20amplifiers&sr=1
DVR LEARNING LAB!
Click here for more info!
DVR
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_DVR
Pentamicro
http://www.pentamicro.com/renew/sub/eng_catalog.php?CatNo=84 (Block Diagram)
http://www.pentamicro.com/renew/sub/eng_catalog.php?CatNo=71 (AT2041)
http://www.pentamicro.com/etc/AT2041.pdf
http://www.pentamicro.com/en/solm4pc.htm
2041
http://www.techwellinc.com/products/products.html?PHPSESSID=efbdb98d2b2e7133024cde3029de1b31
Techwell (See Pentamicro Block Diagram)
http://techwellinc.com/products/brochures/TW2834.pdf
http://www.techwellinc.com/products/products.html
Vineyard Technologies G Series MPEG 4 Video Decoder
http://www.vineyardtechnologies.com/gseries1.htm
http://www.gencore.co.kr/korean/more/techwell/ShortFormCatalog_Jan_2003_Rev1.pdf
TW2804 NTSC/PAL Quad video decoders with scaling and motion detection for security multiplexers and others progressive scan YCbCr input.
TW6800 NTSC NTSC/PAL/SECAM Analog to Digital Video Conversion with Switchable 2H Comb or Notch Filter and PCI Interface.
IBM Power PC 405EP (See Pentamicro Block Diagram)
http://www-01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/products/PowerPC_405_Embedded_Cores
http://www-01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/techdocs/3D7489A3704570C0872571DD0065934E/$file/PPC405_Product_Overview_20060902.pdf
Possible Viewer for AVTech DVRs
http://www.videolan.org/
Honeywell Software Downloads
http://www.ademcovideo.com/support/downloads/downloads_dvr.html#Rapid%20Eye%20Rapid%20Eye%20Multi%20(REM
HOW TO GET OTHER SOFTWARE TO WORK WITH YOUR PC BASED DVR CARD:
PRESENTED BY RORY FROM THE FORUM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=2021
CONEXTANT
WHAT IS A PCI DECODER?
http://www.conexant.com/servlets/DownloadServlet/PBR-200097-001.pdf?docid=98&revid=1
BLOCK DIAGRAMS, CHIP PIN OUTS, FUNCTIONAL DISCRIPTION, FIFO DATA INTERFACE, ELECTRICAL INTERFACES,
PCI BUS INTERFACE INFO, IO PORT, REGISTER DEFINITIONS, VIDEO TIMING CONTROL REGISTERS, AND MORE!
http://www.conexant.com/servlets/DownloadServlet/DSH-200115-001.pdf?docid=116&revid=1
FUSION 878A
CONEXTANT FUSION 878A (Taiwan) This is the most widely used video decoder on the DVR Card market.
VIDEO CAPTURE PROCESSOR
http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=409
CX25850/1/3 Multi-Channel Video Decoder
http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=497
CX25800 PCI Video Decoder
http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=512
PCI-Express Media Bridge
http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=566
CX25878/9 PCI Video Decoder
http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=96
HINT HB1 PCI to PCI Bridge (PLXTECH) (Taiwan)
Chip Number: HB1/1-SE/HB6
Chip Description: Universal PCI-to-PCI Bridge (non-transparent mode)
Notes: now called PCI 6140/52/6254
PCI / PCI X BRIDGES
http://www.plxtech.com/products/fastlane/
PCI 6140 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION
http://www.plxtech.com/products/fastlane/pci6140.asp#techdocs
PICTURES OF HINT CHIPS
http://www.plasma-online.de/index.html?content=http%3A//www.plasma-online.de/english/identify/picture/hint.html
NXP
WWW.NXP.COM (Korea)
http://www.nxp.com/profile/
NXP is a top 10 semiconductor company founded by Philips more than 50 years ago. Headquartered in Europe, the company has 37,000 employees working in more than 20 countries and posted sales of USD 6.3 billion in 2007.
NXP creates semiconductors, system solutions and software that deliver better sensory experiences in mobile phones, personal media players, TVs, set-top boxes, identification applications, cars and a wide range of other electronic devices.
VIDEO DECODERS
http://www.nxp.com/#/homepage/cb=[t=p,p=/50804/50823/31571]|pp=[t=pfp,i=31571]
PCI / PCIe MULTIMEDIA INTERFACES
http://www.nxp.com/#/homepage/cb=[t=p,p=/50804/55466]|pp=[t=pfp,i=55466]
THIS CHIP IS WIDELY USED BY GENERIC ASIAN OEM DVR CARDS.
SAA7146A PHILLIPS CHIP SET
http://www.nxp.com/#/pip/pip=[pip=SAA7146A_2]|pp=[t=pip,i=SAA7146A_2]
SAA7146A
WHITE PAPER PDF (INFORMATION OVERLOAD)!
http://avmaster.bnx.homelinux.net/datasheets/saa7146.pdf
ICREALTIME DVRS
USED IN ICREALTIME FLEX SERIES DVRS
PHILIPS TRIMEDIA VIDEO PROCESSOR
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriMedia
THE TRIMEDIA TM-1 PCI VLIW MEDIA PROCESSOR PDF
http://www.hotchips.org/archives/hc8/3_Tue/HC8.S6/HC8.6.1.pdf
PAPER TM3270 MEDIA PROCESSOR PDF
http://ce.et.tudelft.nl/publicationfiles/1228_587_thesis_JAN_WILLEM.pdf
MOTION ESTIMATION PERFORMANCE OF THE TM3270 PROCESSOR PDF
http://ce.et.tudelft.nl/publicationfiles/982_587_sac2005_v6.pdf#search=%22tm3270%22
TRIMEDIA USER GROUP (YAHOO)
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/trimedia/
USED IN ICREALTIME PRO SERIES DVRS
BLACKFIN ONLINE LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT (USED IN ICREALTIME PRO SERIES DVRS)
http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/content/index.html
BLACKFIN ONLINE LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT
http://www.analog.com/processors/learning/index.html
BLACK FIN CORE PROCESSOR
http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/content/blackfin_core_basics/fca.html
BLACKFIN PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW
http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/content/blackfin_architecture/fca.html
BLACKFIN PROCESSOR HIGHLIGHT PDF'S
http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/processors/product-highlights/resources/index.html
DATA SHEETS
http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/processors/data-sheets/resources/index.html
Workshops
http://www.analog.com/processors/blackfin/training/workshops/index.html
University Program Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.analog.com/processors/universityProgram/universityfaq.html
AVERLOGIC
http://www.averlogic.com/about_aver1.htm
Founded in 1996, AverLogic Technologies is a fabless semiconductor company with headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan. Specialized in high-performance application specific memory and video processing circuits, the Company has design centers in San Jose, California USA, Hsinchu, Taiwan and ShenZhen City, PRC.
AVERLOGIC Video Decoder and ADC ICs, including: AL240, AL242, AL243, AL244, AL875
http://glyn.com/data/glyn/media/doc/AVERLOGIC_product_overview.pdf
AL240 Video Decoder Description
The AL240 is silicon efficient, cost effective high video quality NTSC/PAL SECAM video decoder with high quality Y/C separation process. The AL240 decodes NTSC/PAL/SECAM composite video or S-video and convert it into YCbCr 4:2:2, 8-bit digital video output. Employing adaptive filter technology, the AL240 is able to provide a clear Y/C separated signals while maintaining excellent frequency response. The result is sharp, high detail video that eliminates unwanted dot crawl and false color effects. Fully programmable video characteristic controls, such as hue, contrast, brightness, saturation, are supported. The AL240 decoder incorporates an advanced vertical blanking interval (VBI) data processor to do data slicing, parsing and decoding teletext, closed caption, and other formats. Two wires of hardware channel switching inputs allow decoder to do an instant alternation of analog CVBS inputs from one to the other. Up to 4 serial bus addresses can be selected via two configuration pins that allow multiple AL240 chips on the design without extra logic.
ZONEMINDER
DOCUMENTATION
http://www.zoneminder.com/documentation.html
FORUMS
http://www.zoneminder.com/forums/index.php
COMART HICAP
http://www.comartsystem.com/AM/PRODUCTS/dvr_board/hicap/
http://www.dvrworld.com/
# 7130 chip DVR Card Hardwares Requirements
7130 chipset video capture cards, adopting a new generation of chips Philip 7130 9bit video conversion technology, the image quality of soft pressure to achieve the highest level of card, the effect and most forcibly pressed cards almost see differences. But the cards on the cpu higher, as the cpu prices fell further, the use of the 7130 chip Video Capture Card greater advantage of the following requirements on the capacity of the configuration is as follows :
Minimum :
Cpu : Celeron d 2.66g or above
Motherboard : Intel chip family (via, sis chip will be compatible with the problem, it is not recommended to use), the best use dvr dedicated motherboard, realizing after blackouts
Calls automatically rebooting, and put a few cards can be saved.
Memory : flash or more
Graphics : GeForce2 32m or above (pci-e graphics cards currently support only ati chipset)
Power : rated power 300w or above (DC output : 3.3v, 27a)
System : WIN2000, winxp (Note WIN2000, contain more than 120g of drives, install the patch drives)
The system right cpu, power supply and high demand, customers will not lower than the above configuration installed debugging.
Note :
1 24 channels, we must use more than 2.8g of cpu, or network-cpu resources will be too high because of the problem.
2 Power must use two DC output : 3.3v, 27a (orange), otherwise there will be visual artifacts, gray screens is not a normal phenomenon.
3 Monitoring system can peruse desktop operation to put the proposal c NOTE running (for example, c : c : \ qx2006 application software)
4 must be set to True Color 32bits, otherwise there will be intervals negatives of such abnormal results
5 If ver4.1 printed on the card, install the new board driver
Recommendations :
One, which uses a special plate dvr, blackouts can be achieved after the restart calls, more stable performance.
2, the 350W power supply with the best of the Great Wall Power
Three, do not use low-cost non-brand-name memory, normally with only a 512Mbit memory will be sufficient. Distribution of a 1g, it is possible boot error.
4, using special motherboards, 8-way or 16-way can be used in its own integrated graphics.
5, cpu price difference was not significant, as Affiliated with Celeron d or more.
6, the best use IPC chassis, the price is not high, it is decent, fans should not province.
Video Capture Card for use with the common solution, please refer.
EYEMAX / UNIXCCTV / TELPIX!
TELPIX (EYEMAX MANUFACTURE)
http://www.telpix.com/
EYEMAX
http://www.eyemaxdvr.com/
ABOUT TELPIX / UNIXCCTV
The best just got better! Telpix has been a fast growing company within the past sixteen years, excelling in the closed circuit television (CCTV) industry. The success of the company has been driven on our promotion of excellence in all areas from customer service to our products. After fifteen years the company has expanded its products from the latest and best cameras to digital video recorders (DVR). When you think you cannot improve our products anymore we still continue to make then even better. Our products speak for themselves on their reliability and quality. We back up all our products to be the highest in quality and durability. Our cameras go through rigorous testing to ensure that they will put up any type of severe conditions.
Time and time again we are able to boast about having the biggest and best variety of security equipment to meet all your needs. Our warehouse has the largest selection of cameras, monitors, VCRs, lenses, switchers, quads and multiplexers.
Come and see how we can be the solution to your problems. Fifteen years of experience can change your business.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Los Angeles, CA
1331 S. Vermont Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90006
Tel (213)386-2626 Fax (213)389-0702 sales@telpix.com
Business Hour (PST)
Mon ~ Fri : 8:00AM ~ 6:00PM Sat : 9:00AM ~ 4:00PM
New York, NY
46-20 76th St. Elmhurst, NY 11373
Tel (718)205-0606 Fax (718)205-0724 east@unixcctv.us
Business Hour (EST)
Mon ~ Fri : 8:00AM ~ 6:00PM Sat : 9:00AM ~ 4:00PM
New Jersey, NJ
16 Passaic Ave #Unit2. Fairfield, NJ 07004
Tel (973)808-6797 Fax (973)808-6798 east@unixcctv.us
Business Hour (EST)
Mon ~ Fri : 8:00AM ~ 6:00PM Sat : 9:00AM ~ 4:00PM
Unix CCTV, Inc. (New York, NY) Customer Service
126-20 35th Ave. Corona, NY 11368
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABOUT EYEMAX
We are living in a new era in CCTV industry. For the last five years we have witnessed disappearance of switchers, quads, multiplexers and VCRs. Our industry is welcoming the digital era, thus DVRs (Digital Video Recorders). We are now entrapped by the clarity, reliability and convenience of DVRs. We are amazed by the clear picture quality, reliability, and ease of operation of DVRs. Now, with mass production, DVRs are more affordable than ever. Eyemax DVRs have been in the pioneering front of DVR industry. We offer several different models. We cater from average everyday use DVRs to high speed special purpose DVRs. We also boast astounding speed rate at off-site viewing. Our user friendly GUI is well accepted by dealers as well as end-users. Welcome to the world of Eyemax DVRs. Let us be your guide as well as provider for you DVR needs.
Important Message to Eyemax DVR End Users
We learned that certain individuals or companies advertise themselves by using our registered brand name, "Eyemaxdvr" or "Eyemax", as a keyword on major search engine sites or a domain name. We are notifying that these companies are not associated with "Eyemaxdvr" neither officially authorized to use the keyword in any manners.
Attention to our valuable eyemaxdvr system builders.
COUNTERFEIT BOARD Warning
DVB-9120 Counterfeit board is out on the market and making eyemaxdvr system builders confusing. Eyemaxdvr software doesn't run on the counterfeit board, so please be careful when purchasing a DVB-9120 board. Use counterfeit board recognition guide to make sure you are getting a genuine board. Those counterfeit boards built with used or much lower grade parts, so they eventually end up dead or not working in short period of time.
EYEMAX Digital Video Recorder
EYEMAX Digital Video Recorder(DVR) is an equipment which digitally records multiple video signals- generated by CCTV devices. Images are recorded into Hard Disk Drive. DVR is based on personal computer architecture. Consequently, advantages of PC based DVR follows. First, capable of performing quick and easy access of video archive, you can search and display your incidents instantly by hours, minutes and even by seconds. Second, networking via internet by using network adapter or modem, DVR allows you to access CCTV images through internet. Enabling remote monitoring from anywhere in the world. Lastly, Data Transformation, one of the biggest advantages of PC is transferring and transforming data. Same rule applies to DVR; transfer video data by using CD-RW. This enables replay of video data at any location via PC.
MAGIC RADAR
http://www.magicradar.com/
TELEPIX DVR VIDEO CAPTURE BOARDS
http://www.telpix.com/dvr/board/
VIDEO COMPRESSION TUTORIAL
http://www.wave-report.com/tutorials/VC.htm
APPLE QUICK TIME FILE FORMAT SPECIFICATION (White paper)!
A very technical white paper!
CCTV
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television
VIDEO CAMERA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera
HARD DRIVE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk
MPEG 2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2
MPEG 4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4
MOTION JPEG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjpeg
JPEG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
JPEG 2000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_2000
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264
NTSC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntsc
PAL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal
RESOLUTION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution
CIF
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Format
Digital Video Surveillance Kit
http://www.analog.com/processors/platforms/dvskit.html
Blackfin Online Learning and Development (USED IN ICREALTIME DVRS)
http://www.analog.com/processors/learning/index.html
Workshops
http://www.analog.com/processors/blackfin/training/workshops/index.html
University Program Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.analog.com/processors/universityProgram/universityfaq.html
Mentor Graphics Embedded Systems
http://www.mentor.com/products/embedded_software/ Operating System
http://www.mentor.com/products/embedded_software/nucleus_rtos/index.cfm
TEXAS INTRUMENTS
http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/landing/davinci/whitepapers.html?DCMP=davinci_whitepaper&HQS=Whitepaper+OT+davinciwhitepaper
Streaming Media
http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/202.html
Video Compression and Data Flow for Video Surveillance Texas Instruments White Paper
http://focus.ti.com/lit/wp/spry104/spry104.pdf
DaVinci Technology Overview
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/sprb189b/sprb189b.pdf
Driving IPTV Growth:
The Challenges and Perspectives
http://focus.ti.com/lit/wp/sphy004/sphy004.pdf
BLOCK DIAGRAM LIBRARY
http://www.ti.com/sc/docs/psheets/diagrams/index.htm
SECURITY END EQUIPMENT SOLUTIONS
http://focus.ti.com/apps/docs/appcategory.tsp?appId=246
DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER
http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/268.html
CAMERA: SURVEILLANCE ANALOG
http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/408.html
DVR: SECURITY WITH IP
http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/207.html
Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Audio www.ti.com/audio
Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Automotive www.ti.com/automotive
DSP dsp.ti.com Broadband www.ti.com/broadband
Clocks and Timers www.ti.com/clocks Digital Control www.ti.com/digitalcontrol
Interface interface.ti.com Medical www.ti.com/medical
Logic logic.ti.com Military www.ti.com/military
Power Mgmt power.ti.com Optical Networking www.ti.com/opticalnetwork
Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security
RFID www.ti-rfid.com Telephony www.ti.com/telephony
RF/IF and ZigBee® Solutions www.ti.com/lprf Video & Imaging www.ti.com/video
Wireless www.ti.com/wireless
CAMERA LEARNING LAB!
Click here for more info!
STAM MULITMEDIA WEB BASED TRAINING SOLUTIONS.
http://www.stamweb.com/Article_Camera.html
Anatomy of a Digital Camera: Image Sensors
CCD Architecture
At its most basic, an image sensor needs to achieve five key tasks: absorb photons, generate a charge from the photons, collect the charge, transfer the charge, and convert it to a voltage. Both CCD and CMOS sensors perform all five tasks. The first three tasks are performed similarly but they diverge in their methods of charge transfer and voltage conversion.
Simple Elegance
CCDs perform fewer functions on-chip than CMOS sensors (see CMOS Architecture), but the simple elegance of the CCD results in superior image quality. Of course, simply because a digital camera has a CCD doesn't mean that the camera itself will produce a superb image. The image quality produced by a digital camera is the result of the entire camera system including the optics, analog to digital conversion, image processing, image sensor, and all the other camera components and processes. Further, the way these components work together is an important factor in determining final image quality.
CCDs are so named for the way they transfer charges between pixel wells, and ultimately out of the sensor. The charges are shifted from one horizontal row of pixels to the next horizontal row from top to bottom of the array. This is a parallel (or vertical) shift register architecture, with multiple vertical shift registers used to transport charges vertically down the rows. The charges are "coupled" to each other (thus the term charge-coupled device) so that as one row of charge is moved vertically, the next row of charge (which is coupled to it) shifts into the pixels thus vacated.
With the charges shifted down the parallel array row by row, you might wonder what happens to the charges in the last row of the sensor device. Using a serial shift register architecture, the last row is actually a horizontal shift register. Charges in that row serially transferred out of the sensor using the charge-coupling technique, making room for the next row to be shifted out, and the next, and so on. This serial transfer of charge out of the CCD is often described as a "bucket brigade," referring to its similarity to the old-fashioned fire department's bucket brigade.
Before being transferred out of the CCD serially, each pixel's charge is amplified resulting in an analog output signal of varying voltage. This signal is sent to a separate off-chip analog to digital converter (ADC) and the resultant digital data is converted into the bytes that comprise the raw representation of the image as captured by the sensor, prior to any post-processing. Unlike computer RAM that represents a 1 or 0 by either storing a charge or not, the charge on a CCD remains in analog form until the ADC stage late in the process.
Because the CCD transfers a pure electric charge over the entire sensor via the charge-coupling process with little resistance or interference from other electronic components, it tends to produce a cleaner, less noisy signal than CMOS sensors (which have much more circuitry than CCDs). The transfer, however, is never 100 percent efficient; some electrons will inevitably be lost somewhere between the pixel well and the sensor readout. A sensor's charge transfer efficiency (CTE) is a defining specification provided by manufacturers.
The Gatekeepers
Electrodes act as gatekeepers to the entire process. Electrodes are conductors that permit current to flow in or out of an electronic device and can act as electronic gates. They are also called by other names in CCDs, according to their function in the sensor design (i.e. transfer gates, exposure control gates, and overflow gates). In the case of transfer gates, the electrodes receive clock pulses of varying voltage that enable the transfer of charge from one pixel well to the next. This includes transfer of pixel charges from row to row down the array, and the final serial readout of the last row. The electronic shutter on a sensor involves using voltage controls and electrodes to limit the integration time (exactly how long a pixel will accept photons and generate electrons), performing an exposure control function. And overflow gates are used to keep electrons from spilling and contaminating adjacent pixel charges.
The most common electrodes are made of polysilicon, though Kodak has introduced another type of electrode made from indium tin oxide (ITO). This can improve the process of capturing electrons in the pixel wells, because ITO is optically more transparent than polysilicon. An unfortunate side effect of polysilicon electrodes is that they can reflect or absorb incoming photons at certain wavelengths.
CMOS electrodes function differently than those on CCDs because of the inherent differences in the way the two kinds of sensors transfer the charge. In other words, CMOS doesn't use the CCD's charge-coupled transfer process. Therefore, CMOS doesn't use electrodes the way CCD does for that process. However, electrodes are used on CMOS to reduce noise and for transfer gates to the offload transistors.
As mentioned, a key function of the electrodes is to act as transfer gates to control the charge transfer in CCDs. To delve a bit deeper in understanding how this process works, let's look at a "four-phase CCD," which has four electrodes per pixel. (Most CCDs are multi-phase devices and the number of the phases/electrodes varies by sensor model.)
The first phase of each pixel has the same voltage applied, as do the second, third, and forth phases. If an electrode receives a high voltage, a potential well is formed beneath the electrode in the silicon substrate, and if it receives a low voltage, a potential barrier is formed, which helps keep the captured electrons (the pixel data) in the potential well. Then by varying the voltages applied to adjacent electrodes in a properly timed sequence, the potential wells can actually be shuttled across the pixel and ultimately into the next pixel, enabling the bucket brigade effect as described above.
Simple but Complex
The four-phase operation is a simple process, though a bit complex to describe in words. We'll try here.
The process starts by first turning off phase one and phase two electrode (gate) voltages in the first clock period, while turning on phase three and phase four electrode voltages in that period. During the second clock period, phase one is turned on and phase three is turned off. Then phase two is turned on and phase four is turned off in the third clock period. Finally phase three is turned on and phase one of the next pixel is turned off during the fourth clock period. This process is repeated to move the charge along the sensor.
Four-phase CCD technology is a popular sensor architecture because it can be created using two layers of material. In addition, according to Philips which uses a four-phase design, it allows for at least 50 percent of the pixel well for storage and also offers the highest charge capacity among competitive designs. A three-phase CCD provides only 33 percent of the pixel well for storage.
Mintron Question and Answers
http://www.mintron.com/
1.What is Minimum Illumination? What is Sensitivity? What does 0.0001 lux stands for?
2.What is 10 bit DSP all about why other company used only 8~9bit DSP?
MANUFACTURE PIXIM
This is the best White Paper that I have found so far about Video Imaging Systems!!
Pixim White Paper
Digital Pixal System Technology
http://www.pixim.com/assets/files/product_and_tech/Pixim_Technology_White_Paper.pdf
Pixim Powered Cameras
http://www.pixim.com/pixim-powered-cameras
http://www.pixim.com/products-and-technology/technology
http://www.pixim.com/products-and-technology/pixim-design-resources
http://www.pixim.com/image-comparisons/side-by-side-images
Pixim-powered cameras with Enhanced Flicker Reduction mode overcome flicker-related issues that plague CCD video cameras!
http://www.pixim.com/news-and-events/press-releases/PIXIM-ANNOUNCES-VIDEO-CAPTURE-BREAKTHROUGH
MANUFACTURE SONY
http://www.sony.net/Products/SC-HP/cx_news/vol49/np_icx638_9aka.html
ICX368AKA (NTSC) ICX369AKA (PAL) PDF
http://www.sony.net/Products/SC-HP/cx_news/vol49/pdf/icx638_9aka.pdf
DIGITAL CCD CAMERA HEAD AMPLIFIER
http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6802110.pdf
HIGH SPEED BUFFER AMPLIFIER FOR CCD IMAGE SENSOR CXA3691AEN
http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6809930.pdf
CCD VERTICAL CLOCK TIMER CXD1267AN
http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6807155.pdf
CCD IMAGE SENSORS
http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/90203.html
1/4 (4.5MM) CCD IMAGE SENSOR FOR NTSC VIDEO CAMERAS ICX228AK
http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6809608.pdf
1/3 (6MM) CCD IMAGE SENSOR FOR NTSC VIDEO CAMERAS ICX418AKL
http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6805298.pdf
1/2 (8MM) CCD IMAGE SENSOR FOR NTSC VIDEO CAMERAS ICX428AKL
http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6805297.pdf
KODAK
CMOS IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/CMOS/index.jhtml?pq-path=11939
INTERLINE CCD IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/Interline/index.jhtml?pq-path=12032
FULL FRAME CCD IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/Fullframe/index.jhtml?pq-path=12138
LINEAR CCD IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS (USED IN SCANNERS)
http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/Linear/index.jhtml?pq-path=12139
MANUFACTURE CHIPER
http://www.chiper.com.tw/showproduct.aspx?sn=21
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS CCD SIGNAL PROCESSOR FOR DIGITAL CAMERAS
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/vsp2260.pdf
LUX SCALE
http://www.axis.com/edu/light_intensity/index.htm
HIGH DEFINITION VIDEO PROCESSOR FOR NEW IP CAMS
Click here for more info!
DM355IPNC-MT5 IP NETWORK CAMERA REFERENCE $35.00 BASE PRICE $50.00 WITH AUDIO, AND POWER OVER ETHERNET.
APTINA PRESS RELEASE
http://www.aptina.com/news/press/texas_instruments_and_micron%E2%80%99s_aptina_imaging_deliver_hd_quality_for_ip_surveillance_networks_at_analog_video_camera_prices/
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS PRESS RELEASE
http://focus.ti.com/apps/docs/mrktgenpage.tsp?contentId=41246&appId=79&DCMP=DSP_IPNetcam&HQS=Other+OT+ipnetcampr
ACTIVE PIXAL SENSORS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor
APRO IP CAMERA
DM 355 IP CAMERA
http://www.appropho.com/NewWeb/Product_DM355_Product.htm
GETTING STARTED GUIDE PDF
http://www.appropho.com/NewWeb/DOC/GettingStartedGuide.pdf
DIGITAL PROCESSOR (3551)
DM355IPNC-MT5 IP NETWORK CAMERA REFERENCE
TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DaVinci Processor DM355 (TMS320DM355)
http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/landing/davinci/dm355.html
DAVINCI PROCESSOR REVIEW PDF
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/sprb189a/sprb189a.pdf
TMS320DM355 TECHNICAL DETAILS
http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tms320dm355.html
BLOCK DIAGRAMS
http://focus.ti.com/apps/docs/mrktgenpage.tsp?contentId=33730&appId=79&DCMP=OTC-dsp_davinci_dm355
ARM ARCHITECTURE
ARM WIKI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture
ARM9TDMI
http://www.arm.com/products/CPUs/families/ARM9Family.html
ARM 9 PDF
http://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM9_family_flyer_34_5.pdf
PAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_%28camera%29
TILT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_%28camera%29
CCTV
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television_camera
SURVEILLANCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance
CCTV IMAGES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV_Images
CCD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device
CMOS ACTIVE PIXEL SENSOR
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor
NIGHT VISION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision
CCD vs. CMOS
http://www.dalsa.com/markets/ccd_vs_cmos.asp
EXVIEW HAD CCD INFO
http://www.rfconcepts.co.uk/cxd2463r.pdf
BOX CAMERA EXAMPLE (MANUAL)
ftp://ftp.panasonic.com/pub/Panasonic/CCTV/OperatingInstructions/WV-CL924A-OPERATING-INSTRUCTIONS.pdf
RORY'S LINKS ON CAMERA FROM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM
DAY NIGHT, INFRA RED, AND OTHER INFO
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=6122
SONY INFORMATION
SONY CAMERAS
http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/
RESOURCES
http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/resource
SOLUTIONS, AND TECHNOLOGY
http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/resource.solutions
Deciphering Minimum Illumination Specifications
http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/resource.solutions.bbsccms-assets-cat-camsec-solutions-minIllumination.shtml
USER GUIDES
http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/cat-cctv/resource.manuals.bbsccms-assets-cat-camsec-manuals-SecurityUserGuides.shtml
CAMERAS ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE!
Click here for more info!
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/pdf/114016main_ET_SRB_Cam_FS.pdf
http://www.eclipticenterprises.com/products_rocketcam_avs.php
http://www.eclipticenterprises.com/
http://www.photonics.com/content/spectra/2003/January/applications/65734.aspx
LENS INFORMATION
FISHEYE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens
ZOOM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens
VARI FOCAL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varifocal_len
TELEPHOTO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoto_lens
TAMRON
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamron
http://www.tamron.com/cctv/cctvnew.asp
Neutral Density Filter (FOR BRIGHT OUTDOOR LIGHTING)
http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&partNumber=VF67ND&CategoryName=acc_DIAccessories_DIFilters&DCMP=OVERTUREPI_DF
DYNDNS
http://www.dyndns.com/
Support:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/
DynDNS Certified Hardware:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/clients/hardware/
General Information:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/general.html
Knowledge Base: (articles, how to's, and information)
http://www.dyndns.com/support/kb/
Support Tools:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/tools/
HOW TO NETWORK AVTECH DVRs:
http://scorpiontheater.com/videonetworkingwithavtech.aspx
DSL INFORMATION
DSL Reports:
http://www.dslreports.com/
DSL Reports ATT / Bellsouth:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth
Broadband FAQS:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/faq
DSL Reports Forum:
http://www.broadbandreports.com/forums/all
Broadband Technology: Provider Specific:
http://www.dslreports.com/faqnew
Cable Modems and Wiring Issues:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/cabletech
Brighthouse pdf. Wall plate to splitter to modem to computer:
http://cfl.mybrighthouse.com/uploadedFiles/BHNDivisions/CFLDivision/rr_self_install_instructions.pdf
Road Runner FAQS:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/twcrr
Comcast customer service FAQS
http://www.comcast-ne.com/business/workplace-faq.html
Comcast High Speed Internet FAQS
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/comcast
I USE BELL SOUTH / ATT AS MY SERVICE PROVIDER:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth
CAYMAN / NETOPIA INFO
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth/3.12_Cayman_Netopia_Info
NETOPIA SCREEN SHOTS
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth/3.12_Cayman_Netopia_Info#14024
NETOPIA 3346 MANUAL
http://www.fastaccess.drivers.bellsouth.net/documents/ITguide_Cayman_3346.pdf
MOTOROLA INFO ON NETOPIA ( www.netopia.com )
http://www.netopia.com/equipment/products/internet_access.html
NETOPIA 3300 SERIES DATA SHEET
http://www.netopia.com/equipment/products/3000/3300_res_ds.pdf
ATT ONLINE TECH SUPPORT
www.support.att.net
ATT ONLINE TECH SUPPORT NETOPIA
http://www.support.att.net/bellsouth/asp/contentview.asp?ys_audience=uv&ys_service=nhsi&1=1&sprt_cid=5ad08ec4-d51b-43ef-9e2d-76704b883878&isbrowse=true&portalProvider=ATT&UserType=DSL
SATELLITE INTERNET
Two way sat dish manual for SkyVista / ViaSat inc Surf Beam modem. (Cut, and Paste in to browser).
http://www.cpe-labs.com/PDFs/SkyVistaPDFs/SurfBeam Modem Manual.pdf
HughesNet Two Way Internet Sat Dish
http://www.satellitefamily.com/satellite-internet.asp
Wild Blue
http://www.wildblue.com/aboutWildblue/index.jsp
GMAIL EMAIL HELP
ISP Outgoing SMTP Server Hosts
This is for DVRs to send emails
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol
http://www.e-eeasy.com/SMTPServerList.aspx
http://www.host45.com/resources/ispsmtps.php
Adelphia smtp.blk.adelphia.net
Alltel mail.alltel.net
AOL smtp.aol.com
AT&T mailhost.worldnet.att.net
AT&T Business Internet Service mail.attbi.com
BCPL mail.bcpl.net
bellatlantic.net smtpout.bellatlantic.net
Bestweb smtp.bestweb.net
BEV.net smtp.bev.net
Blacksburg.net smtp.blacksburg.net
BYU nm.byu.edu
CalWeb smtp.calweb.com
Charm.net smtp.charm.net
Charter Communications smtp.charter.net
chicagonet.net mail.chicagonet.net
Citizen's Internet smtp.swva.net
Coastalnet mail2.coastalnet.com
Columbia smtp.columbia.edu
Comcast smtp.comcast.net
Comcast / ATTBI smtp.comcast.net
CompuServ smtp.site1.csi.com
CompuServe Classic mail.compuserve.com
Concentric smtp.concentric.net
Cox East smtp.east.cox.net
Cox West smtp.west.cox.net
Crosslink smtp.crosslink.net
CU Boulder eces.colorado.edu
DirecWay smtp.direcway.com
EarthLink mail.earthlink.net
Enter smtp.enter.net
Ezy smtp.ezy.et
FloydVA.net mail.floydva.net
ibm.net smtp1.ibm.net
interaccess.com smtp.interaccess.com
ITOL mail.itol.com
Juno smtp.juno.com
Lycos email.1stup.com
MCI2000 mailrelay.internetmci.com
McLeodusa email.mcleodusa.net
mediaone.net smtp.ce.mediaone.net
Mindspring smtp.mindspring.com
Mpower Communications smtp.mpowercom.net
MSN smtp.email.msn.com
netcom.com smtp.ix.netcom.com
netexpress.net netexpress.net
NetHere mail.nethere.net
Netscape smtp.isp.netscape.com
Netzero smtp.netzero.net
NRVi.net mail.nrvi.net
NTELOS mail.ntelos.net
NYU.edu is4.nyu.edu
Omega Communications smtp.i-plus.net
PacBell mail.pacbell.net
PeoplePC mail.peoplepc.com
Prodigy smtp.prodigy.net
PSINet bbr0-f1.sna.com
PSI.net relay.smtp.psi.net
PSU.edu smtp.psu.edu
PTD.net mail.ptd.net
RCN.com smtp.rcn.com
Rider.edu enigma.rider.edu
Road Runner (Florida) smtp-server.cfl.rr.com
Road Runner (Hawaii) smtp-server.hawaii.rr.com
Road Runner (San Diego) mail.san.rr.com
SBC Global Pacbell smtp.pacbell.yahoo.com
SBC Global Prodigy smtpauth.prodigy.net
SBC Global SWBell smtp.swbell.yahoo.com
SBC Global Yahoo! smtp.sbcglobal.yahoo.com
SDSU rohan.sdsu.edu
Shentel smtp.shentel.net
SpeakEasy mail.speakeasy.net
SprintPCS smtp.sprintpcs.com
Sysnet mail.sysnet.net
telocity.com smtp.telocity.com
UCCS smtp.uccs.edu
UCSD smtp.ucsd.edu
ucsf.edu mail.ucsf.edu
UMBC smtp.gl.umbc.edu
velocityhsi.com mail.velocityhsi.com
Verio mail.verio.net
Verizon outgoing.verizon.net
Virginia Tech smtp.vt.edu
Waypoint mail.wayport.net
Yahoo smtp.mail.yahoo.com
Ziplink smtp.ziplink.net
ZNET mail.znet.com
ROUTERS
YouTube Videos "Router Portfoward"
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=routers+port+fowarding&search_type=&aq=f
BELKIN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkin
Home Page
http://www.belkin.com/
Wireless Routers
http://catalog.belkin.com/IWCatSectionView.process?Section_Id=200340
F5D9230
http://catalog.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Product_Id=203415
F5D9230 Support
http://www.belkin.com/support/download.asp?lang=1&download=F5D9230uk4&mode=
Wireless Gaming Adapter F5D7330
http://catalog.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Product_Id=154416
F5D7330 Support
http://www.belkin.com/support/product/?lid=en&pid=F5D7330&scid=223
Linksys:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys
Home Networking Basics:
http://www.linksys.com/servlet/Satellite?c=L_Content_C1&childpagename=US%2FLayout&cid=1114037291160&pagename=Linksys%2FCommon%2FVisitorWrapper
Tech Support:
http://www.linksys.com/servlet/Satellite?c=L_Content_C1&childpagename=US%2FLayout&cid=1114037290855&pagename=Linksys%2FCommon%2FVisitorWrapper
Products
http://www.linksys.com/servlet/Satellite?c=L_Product_C1&childpagename=US%2FLayout&cid=1115416939789&pagename=Linksys%2FCommon%2FVisitorWrapper&lid=3978991233B01
Linksys EVDO Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-21.html
SCREEN SHOTS OF LINKSYS WAG-54G
http://www.thinkbroadband.com/hardware/reviews/2004/q4/linksys-wag-54g.html
Netgear:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netgear
http://www.netgear.com/Products/RoutersandGateways.aspx?for=Home+Networking
http://www.netgear.com/Products/Switches/DesktopSwitches/FS108P.aspx
http://www.netgear.com/Products/APsWirelessControllers/AccessPoints/WG102.aspx
Support:
http://kbserver.netgear.com/main.asp
Networking:
http://www.netgear.com/Solutions/HomeNetworking.aspx
Trouble Shooting:
http://kbserver.netgear.com/kb_web_files/n101209.asp
DLink:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlink
http://www.dlink.com/
Products:
http://www.dlink.com/products/category.asp
Tech Support:
http://support.dlink.com/chooseCountry.asp
Dlink EVDO:
http://www.dlink.com/products/?model=DIR-450
Dlink Set Up Simulator
http://support.dlink.com/emulators/di614+/wizardrestart.htm
Kyocera
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera
http://www.kyocera-wireless.com/kr1-router/
Internet with back up internet with cellular EVDO
http://www.kyocera-wireless.com/kr2-router/
Kyocera EVDO Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-17.html
ProLink Home Page
http://www.prolink2u.com/self/default.php
ProLink Manual and Firmware Page
http://www.prolink2u.com/self/support/downloads/models/dl_h9200.php
ProLink Hurricane 9200 Manual
http://www.prolink2u.com/downloads/pdf/manuals/manual_H9200.pdf
FAQs
http://www.prolink2u.com/self/support/faq/qa_main.php
Forums
http://www.prolink2u.com/community/index.php
PortFoward.com Hurricane 9000 Screen Shots Using GeoVision DVR
http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/port_forwarding/Prolink/Hurricane-9000/GeoVision_TwinDVR_with_Webcam.htm
Firmware other website
http://drivers.softpedia.com/get/FIRMWARE/Prolink/Prolink-Hurricane-9200-Firmware-060823m-and-Utility-10.shtml
Proxicast
Proxicast LAN-Cell 2TM
http://www.proxicast.com/products/lc2features.htm
CradlePoint:
http://www.cradlepoint.com/mbr1000/mbr1000.php
Multiple Fail Over Fail Back Sources
CradlePoint Forum
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-26.html
DD-WRT
FIRMWARE
Highlights of DD-WRT v24:
- Virtual SSIDs, Virtual DHCP-Servers, PPTP over WAN enhancements, Bridging + VLAN support, VDSL Support, OLSR-Routing / Freifunk, My Ad Network (powered by AnchorFree), Quaqqa instead of Bird (in X86 + Xscale default), PPPOE-Server, EOIP-Tunnel, Network configuration enhencements, UP-Downstream (QOS), New Packet Scheduler HFSC, Save & Apply, extended DDNS options, extended status information, New Languages, Sipwerk integrated Milkfish into the new release, turning every DD-WRT router into a SIP-aware firewall.
SSID
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSID
VLAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlan
IEEE 802.11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11
DNS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
FAIL OVER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail_over
EVDO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evdo
EVDO INFO:
http://www.evdoinfo.com/
FORUMS
Click here for more forums!
EVDO FORUM:
http://www.evdoforums.com/
Cradlepoint Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-26.html
Kyocera Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-17.html
Linksys Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-21.html
Ethernet
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet
IEEE 802.3
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.3.html
Cisco: Configuring and Troubleshooting Ethernet 10/100/1000Mb Half/Full Duplex Auto-Negotiation
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/3.html
Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet Information Website
http://www.ethermanage.com/
Gigabit Ethernet
Auto-Negotiation
http://www.ethermanage.com/ethernet/pdf/dell-auto-neg.pdf
IEEE-802.3af states that the Power Sourcing Equipment PSE can choose either Variant A, which places power on lines 1,2,3 ,6 or Variant B lines 4,5,7,8.
A Powered Device (PD) that is IEEE-802.3af compliant must be able to accept power from both sources. Also within the IEEE-802.3 standard the PD device must accept positive or negative on either lines.
From our research we found that most Injectors and Mid spans use Variant B with Positive power on Pins 4.5 and Negative power on 7,6.
Network Switches with PoE seem to use Variant A.
Cisco also uses Variant B but with Positive power on 7,8 and Negative power 4,5.
ETHERNET OVER POWERLINE:
I can only speak for USA style setups, but you can do a search engine to see what comes up for your area.
There are two devices. You will have a start point, and an end point, or several end points.
There is starting point called a powerline injector, and this is connected to your modem, or router, and there is an end point called a powerline adapter where this is connected to your computer, game system, or cctv devices.
You can use an IP camera, or a DVR that has internet capability. The IP camera, or the DVR plugs in to the end point device with an ethernet cable.
Technically you can inject the internet in to the whole power grid, and each house can get the internet from the powerline using powerline adapters.
www.corinex.com
Press Release
http://www.corinex.com/press-releases/empresa-electrica-quito-chooses-corinex-broadband-over-powerline-technology-to-bring-triple-play-to-700-000-homes.html
BPL Access
http://www.corinex.com/medium-low-voltage-bpl-solutions.html
Multi Dwelling Unit Networking
http://www.corinex.com/multi-dwelling-unit-networking.html
Access Neworking
http://www.corinex.com/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=3&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=87
Technology Briefs
http://www.corinex.com/brief.html
FAQS
http://www.corinex.com/faq/index.html
NETGEAR Ethernet over powerline
http://www.netgear.com/Products/PowerlineNetworking.aspx
Ethernet over telephone wiring
http://www.corinex.com/product/38.html
Ethernet over Coax
http://www.corinex.com/product/947.html
Home Plug Powerline Alliance
http://www.homeplug.org/home
Home Tech Solutions
Click here for Basic Electronic Learing Lab!
http://www.hometech.com/learn/
DSL FILTERS & SPLITTERS
http://www.hometech.com/techwire/dsl.html
How to install combo wire
http://www.hometech.com/learn/installcombo.html
Box Buddy Low Voltage Rings!!
http://www.hometech.com/techwire/wallboxdual.html#OE-BB11
Tech Wire Wiring Systems
http://www.hometech.com/techwire/index.html
TOOL KITS, BELTS, & PARTS BINS
http://www.hometech.com/tools/kits.html
PHONE / DATA / NETWORK TOOLS!
http://www.hometech.com/tools/tp.html
POWER LINE CARRIER TESTERS
http://www.hometech.com/tools/signal.html
Quick Port Frames
http://www.hometech.com/techwire/frames.html
WIRE MANAGEMENT
http://www.hometech.com/techwire/wiremgmt.html
VIDEO DISTRIBUTION CAMERAS, & MODULATORS
http://www.hometech.com/video/index.html
VIDEO PRODUCTS
http://www.allthings.com.au/Cable/other.html
GADGET INFO
Fuse Finder Circuit Breaker Finder
http://www.tlc-direct.co.uk/Products/TMFD500.html
Gadgeteer Kill O Watt Meter http://the-gadgeteer.com/
http://the-gadgeteer.com/review/kill_a_watt_electric_usage_monitor_review
FLUKE TEST TOOLS
http://www.testtools.fluke.dgtlpub.com/data/flash/FL-TOOLS/9000000498/home.html
All About Circuits Trouble Shooting
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_5/chpt_8/2.html
All About Circuits FORUM
http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/
Make Your Own Multimeter
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_3/11.html
How to make your own cat5 cable
http://www.lanshack.com/make-cat5E.aspx
Wire Guage Calculator
http://home.hiwaay.net/~rgs/awgcalculator.html
USB to serial adapter!
http://www.keyspan.com/products/usa19hs/homepage.spml
POWER SUPPLY
Click here for Power Supply Info!
Altronix Tech Tips:
http://www.altronix.com/index.php?pid=4
(What is Class 2 rated power cable)?
A guide to the requirements of the National Electrical Code for Home Theater Installations:
http://www.bluejeanscable.com/articles/inwallrating.htm
DIGICOMM
Drop Connectors, and Jumpers:
Underground and Aerial Installation products:
Grounding products:
Splitters, and Directional couplers:
NIDS, and Enclosures:
Wall Plates, and Cable ties:
RG6, RG59, RG 11:
Digicomm
http://www.digicomm.com/DropInstallation.aspx
CHANNELVISION:
http://www.channelvision.com/
http://channelvision.com/
http://channelvision.com/index.php/Table/TECHNICAL-SUPPORT/
Affinity Digital Cable Combiner
http://www.channelvision.com/products/index/88
http://www.channelvision.com/products/view/427/88
http://beta.channelvision.com/uploads/1215557281_P-0321_MixedSystem.pdf
GUIDES:
Diagrams and Layouts
Mouser Catalog
http://www.mouser.com/catalog/636/newproducts.pdf
Click in the left menu.
LCD DISPLAY INFO
Definition of pixel failure
http://glyn.com/data/glyn/media/doc/Definition_of_pixel_failure.pdf
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Video Switch
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Details.cfm?ProdID=205&category=4 Video Plexors
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=4 Ground Loop Blockers
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=5 Tools
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=10 VIDEO TOOLS
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=10
RS232 Info:
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232
http://www.beyondlogic.org/serial/serial.htm
http://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_specs.html
http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/RS232_standard.html
http://www.airborn.com.au/rs232.html
http://www.arcelect.com/rs232.htm
LAKEVIEW RESEARCH CENTER
http://www.lvr.com/serport.htm
RS232 ANALYZER http://www.232analyzer.com/RS232_Examples/CCTV/Pelco_D_Pelco_P_Examples_Tutorial2.HTM#1
RS232 CONVERTERS
http://www.commfront.com/CommFront-Home.htm
HOW TO CONTROL A PTZ WITH A PC
http://www.commfront.com/RS232_Examples/CCTV/Pelco_D_Pelco_P_Examples_Tutorial.HTM
REMOVING GROUND NOISE IN DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slla268/slla268.pdf
IT IS NOT AN RJ 45, AND IT IS NOT A DB-9!!
RJ = Registered Jack!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-45
RJ 45: When you meant to say TIA/EIA-568-A or, TIA/EIA-568-B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIA/EIA-568-B
RJ 11, RJ 14, RJ 25:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ11
8P8C:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8P8C
Cross Over Cable:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_crossover_cable
DB-9 WHEN YOU MEANT DE-9 INFO:
D Connector:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9_connector#DE-9_connector
DIAGRAMS AND APPLICATIONS:
http://pinouts.ru/connector/9_pin_D-SUB_female_connector.shtml
DB = 25
Do you snap off 16 pins to make a "DB-9"??
<<<<<THIS IS THE REAL RJ 45!
MICROSOFT INFO
Home Networking
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/expert/russel_hni.mspx
Setting up your network
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/setup/default.mspx
Mapping a Network Drive: Click on My Network Places, or Click on My Documents, Click Tools, Click Map Network Drive.
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/maintain/mapdrive.mspx#1
Sharing Files: Start, My Documents, right click on folder to share. Click on Sharing, and Security. Tip: If you want to share your entire My Documents folder, open My Documents, and then click the Up button on the toolbar. You can then select the My Documents folder
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/maintain/share.mspx
Managing your network connections
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/maintain/connections.mspx
Repairing Network Connections
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/maintain/repair.mspx
Internet Connectivity Tool
http://www.microsoft.com/windows/using/tools/igd/default.mspx
Using and maintaining your network
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/networking/maintain/default.mspx
CA SCANNER
Here is a quick scanner to find spyware, and viruses.
http://www.ca.com/us/securityadvisor/pestscan/default.aspx
You will need to download an active X, and then press run. You will need to close your browser, and then reopen it. You will need to go back to the scanner web address. It will take a few second for the scanner to load it's 'check list', and when it is ready it will tell you to press the start button. You will see your files in the box, and it should be going throught the files. If it is blank then you may have to hit the refresh button, and let it reload, and then start it again.
ICRONTIC COMPUTER HELP
Here is a link to Icrontic. This is a 'we will help you' forum with your computer problems.
http://icrontic.com/forum/
Here is the section for Virus, and Spyware help.
http://icrontic.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=57
Start a thread, and tell them the problem that you are having. Someone will tell you what you need to do to get rid of your problems. They will ask you to do an oneline scanner, or to download a program that will let them 'see' what is wrong with your computer. It may take a few minutes, or it may take a day before you receive a reply for help.
Here is a link to the Program Download Section. When they ask you to download a such, and such program this is where you can get it. Usually they will have the title of the program set up as a link, and all you have to do is just click on it, other wise you can go to the download section.
http://icrontic.com/downloads
If you cannot download any programs it is because you did not sign up, and sign in.
The Comprehensive Anti-Spyware Guide
http://icrontic.com/articles/anti_malware_compendium
How to do: Repair and Fresh Install of Windows XP!
http://icrontic.com/articles/repair_install_windows_xp
Fixing Winsock (This is a possible source of the blue screen of death).
http://icrontic.com/articles/fixing_winsock
ZIP SOFTWARE
http://www.rarlab.com/download.htm
http://www.winzip.com/downwz.htm
EARLY COMPUTERS!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80
http://www.trs-80.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64
http://www.vintage-computer.com/commodore64.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_128
http://www.commodore128.org/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer
http://oldcomputers.net/appleii.html
SCART:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCART
HDMI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI
(NOTE: 1.3 IS THE NEW STANDARD AND IS FULL 340 MHz)
http://www.maplin.co.uk/searchtemplate.asp?criteria=SCART%20TO%20HDMI
http://www.hometheaternetwork.com/HTN_video_I3.htm
http://www.cablesforless.com/
DB9 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B

DB25 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B

TELEPHONE:
Bell System:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System
ATT:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth
National Butt Museum:
http://www.phonegeeks.com/clicforbigpi.html
Telephone Learning Lab
Telecom Terminology
http://www.ablepanasonic.com/telter.html
Wiring Schemes for Modular Connectors:
http://www.lextec.com/images/ms_modular_colour_codes_lg.jpg
HOME RUN DIAGRAMS AND PROCEDURES
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth/10.0_Homerun_Diagrams_and_Procedures
Newton's Telecom Dictionary, 24th Edition: Telecommunications, Networking, Information Technologies, The Internet
http://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Telecom-Dictionary-24th-Telecommunications/dp/0979387310/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_k2a_1_txt/103-4274400-5885468?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-2&pf_rd_r=0RB1S3718TXP38CFMXSN&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_p=304485601&pf_rd_i=1578200539
Telephone Forum:
http://www.sundance-communications.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi
PARTS, TOOLS, and NICKNACKS:
http://www.phonegeeks.com/index.html
http://www.sundance-communications.com/
Catalog PDF:
http://www.sandman.com/catpages.html
Base color/ Stripe color | Polarity (Tip is Positive) | Pair # | Pin # in 25-pair "Amphenol" Connector | Row # in 66 or 110 Punch-down Block |
White/Blue Blue/White | Tip 1 Ring 1 | Pair 1 | 26 1 | 1 2 |
White/Orange Orange/White | Tip 2 Ring 2 | Pair 2 | 27 2 | 3 4 |
White/Green Green/White | Tip 3 Ring 3 | Pair 3 | 28 3 | 5 6 |
White/Brown Brown/White | Tip 4 Ring 4 | Pair 4 | 29 4 | 7 8 |
White/Slate Slate/White | Tip 5 Ring 5 | Pair 5 | 30 5 | 9 10 |
Red/Blue Blue/Red | Tip 6 Ring 6 | Pair 6 | 31 6 | 11 12 |
Red/Orange Orange/Red | Tip 7 Ring 7 | Pair 7 | 32 7 | 13 14 |
Red/Green Green/Red | Tip 8 Ring 8 | Pair 8 | 33 8 | 15 16 |
Red/Brown Brown/Red | Tip 9 Ring 9 | Pair 9 | 34 9 | 17 18 |
Red/Slate Slate/Red | Tip 10 Ring 10 | Pair 10 | 35 10 | 19 20 |
Black/Blue Blue/Black | Tip 11 Ring 11 | Pair 11 | 36 11 | 21 22 |
Black/Orange Orange/Black | Tip 12 Ring 12 | Pair 12 | 37 12 | 23 24 |
Black/Green Green/Black | Tip 13 Ring 13 | Pair 13 | 38 13 | 25 26 |
Black/Brown Brown/Black | Tip 14 Ring 14 | Pair 14 | 39 14 | 27 28 |
Black/Slate Slate/Black | Tip 15 Ring 15 | Pair 15 | 40 15 | 29 30 |
Yellow/Blue Blue/Yellow | Tip 16 Ring 16 | Pair 16 | 41 16 | 31 32 |
Yellow/Orange Orange/Yellow | Tip 17 Ring 17 | Pair 17 | 42 17 | 33 34 |
Yellow/Green Green/Yellow | Tip 18 Ring 18 | Pair 18 | 43 18 | 35 36 |
Yellow/Brown Brown/Yellow | Tip 19 Ring 19 | Pair 19 | 44 19 | 37 38 |
Yellow/Slate Slate/Yellow | Tip 20 Ring 20 | Pair 20 | 45 20 | 39 40 |
Violet/Blue Blue/Violet | Tip 21 Ring 21 | Pair 21 | 46 21 | 41 42 |
Violet/Orange Orange/Violet | Tip 22 Ring 22 | Pair 22 | 47 22 | 43 44 |
Violet/Green Green/Violet | Tip 23 Ring 23 | Pair 23 | 48 23 | 45 46 |
Violet/Brown Brown/Violet | Tip 24 Ring 24 | Pair 24 | 49 24 | 47 48 |
Violet/Slate Slate/Violet | Tip 25 Ring 25 | Pair 25 | 50 25 | 49 50 |
Never use a 6 pin plug in an 8 pin jack!
The outer edges of the 6 pin plug will push against pin 1, and pin 8, and will deform them to the point that they will deform beyond the point where
they will return to normal state.
Either use a 6 pin Jack, or use a 8 pin plug!
HOMETHEATER LINKS
ANTENNA ORIENTATION FOR DTV
Guide to cabling
FIRES STOP
http://www.uniquefirestop.com/smooth.htm
Home Page
http://www.uniquefirestop.com/products.htm
Intructions:
http://www.uniquefirestop.com/smooth3.htm
GROUND LOOPS REMOVING GROUND NOISE IN DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slla268/slla268.pdf
CAT 7 VIDEO
http://www.siemon.com/us/learning/08-05-06_tera-cable-and-outlet.asp
http://bomarinterconnect.com/bncproducts.htm
GUIDE TO VOICE DATA AND VIDEO
http://www.vdvworks.com/UncleTed/
http://www.vdvworks.com/UncleTed/PDF/uncleted.pdf
Introduction To Structured Cabling:
http://www.scausa.org/scaintroppt/SCA.htm
STRUCTURED CABLING ASSOCIATION:
http://www.scausa.org/
BICSI
http://www.bicsi.org/
Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual
http://www.bicsi.org/Content/Index.aspx?File=tdmpubs.htm
Training:
http://www.bicsi.org/content/index.aspx?file=trainingindex.aspx
Course Discriptions:
http://www.bicsi.org/content/index.aspx?file=coursedes.htm
Commercial Installer
http://www.bicsi.org/content/index.aspx?file=installoverview.htm
Cable Skills Challange! Who will win??
http://www.bicsi.org/Content/index.aspx?file=08rel/080430_cablingchallenge.html
Standards Reference Guides
http://www.anixter.com/AXECOM/US.NSF/ProductsTechnology/AnixterStandardsReferenceGuide
Abbreviation References
ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CSA Canadian Standards Association
EIA Electronic Industries Alliance
IEEE Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers
NEC National Electric Code
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
TIA Telecommunications Industry Association
EIA/TIA 568A Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard
EIA/TIA 569 Telecommunications Wiring Pathways and Spaces
EIA/TIA 570 Light Commercial and Residential Telecommunications Cabling
EIA/TIA 606 Telecommunications Cabling System Administration
EIA/TIA 607 Telecommunications System Grounding and Bonding Requirements
LICENSE
Florida:
DBPR (Dibeeper is the trade slang) Home page
https://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/index.html
Department of Business, and Professional Regulation
https://www.myfloridalicense.com/NewApplicationInstruct.asp?Page=intentions2.asp&SID=
FAQs
https://www.myfloridalicense.com/faq.html#ComingSoon
Florida Alarm Association
This needs to be cut and pasted in to your browser
http://www.fla-alarms.org/Consumer/licensed contractors.asp
Alarm Ordinances Cut and Paste
http://www.fla-alarms.org/Member/Mind Your Business/False Alarms/index.asp
Starting a Business
http://sunbiz.org/startbus.html
Business Registration
http://sunbiz.org/register.html
OnLine Fictitious Name Registration
https://efile.sunbiz.org/ficregintro.html
Florida Small Business.com
http://www.floridatrend.com/small_biz.asp
Annual Resale Certificate for Sales Tax Signup here, or there are some good FAQs to read!
http://dor.myflorida.com/dor/taxes/resale.html
Florida State Statues
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1
_____________________________________________________________
Texas:
http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/psb/alarm.pdf
http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/psb/forms/forms/CompleteCompanyLicenseApplicationsInstructions.pdf
http://www.tbfaa.org/html/licensing_info.asp#BALicensing
_____________________________________________________________
New York:
http://www.dos.state.ny.us/lcns/install1.htm
Division of Licensing Services
84 Holland Ave.
Albany, NY 12208-3490
Phone: (518) 474-4429
Fax: (518) 473-6648
E-mail: licensing@dos.state.ny.us
FIBER OPTICS
Voice Data Video Cabling (VDV) Lot of good links!!
http://www.vdvacademy.com/
Free Fiber Optic Training:
http://www.vdvacademy.com/
Fiber Optics Association:
http://www.thefoa.org/
Fiber optic links from the Fiber Optics Association website:
http://www.thefoa.org/fo_urls.htm
What is OM3 Cabling?
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/OM.html
User's Guide To Fiber Optic System Design and Installation:
http://www.thefoa.org/user/
Jim Hayes Home Page:
http://www.jimhayes.com/
SCA
Fiber Optic Association
VDV Academy
Guide to Fiber Optics
Guide to VDV Cabling (voice data video)
He owned Fotec and it was acquired in 2001 by Fluke.
Fotec was one of the world's first fiber optic test equipment companies.
XANTECH
http://xantech.com/
IR Diagram


This was posted by intelliGEORGE on Aug 14, 2007 www.cctvforum.com
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=9599
1. Use solid core co-axial cable only, not stranded cable. The solid core must have a copper core with copper shield.
2. Avoid high voltage cable. A good rule to follow is: for every 100 volts there should be a separation of 1ft between the video cable and power cable.
3. While cabling, avoid areas like electrical equipment or transmitter rooms etc., where EMI interference is expected. This can create all types of interference to the video picture. Co-axial cable is very easily prone to EMI.
4. Minimize cable breaks - Every extra connection in the cable can deteriorate the quality of the video signal. If unavoidable, make sure the insulation is good; otherwise over time the exposed cable can touch the ground causing ground loop currents. It may be difficult or expensive to fix such problems in the future.
5. Avoid sharp bends, which affects the cable impedance causing picture reflection and distortion. This is especially true while getting all the cable into the CCTV monitor rack.
6. Poor BNC connections are the major cause of poor picture quality. Also BNC connectors should be replaced every couple of years and should be part of the system maintenance program.
7. Use metal conduits for high security applications.
8. Use heavy-duty cable for outdoor applications providing better protection against the elements.
IP Addressing
Every device connected to the network that uses the TCP/IP protocol has a unique IP address.
IP Address = Internet Protocol Address.
In the current version 4.0, the IP address is made up of four sets of numbers separated by dots. Example: 131.103.243.192. Each number set is one byte or 8 bits long. In other words the IP address is 4 bytes or 32 bits long.
Since each number set is 8 bits long, it covers a number range of 0 to 255.
Therefore the max number of an IP address is 255.255.255.255
Parts of an IP address
The IP address has two parts. One part is the network address, while the second part gives the device address within the network. The IP address can be compared to the mailing address
Network address = Zip Code
Device address = Street or PO Box address.
The identification of the network and device address within the IP address depends upon the classification of the network.
Class A:
The first number set is used to specify the network address, while remaining three number sets specify the device. Address Range: 001.xxx.xxx.xxx to 127.xxx.xxx.xxx
Example: 81.234.101.56
All the numbers in this class are already assigned. Government or large commercial organizations have been assigned this range.
Class B:
First two number sets indicate the network address, while the balance two indicate the device. Address Range: 128.001.xxx.xxx to 191.254.xxx.xxx
Example: 144.56.234.101
This class is assigned to universities, commercial organizations and Internet Service Providers (ISP).
Class C:
In this case the first 3 number sets specify the network address, while the remaining number set indicates the device address. Address Range: 192.000.001.xxx to 223.255.254.xxx
Example: 228.7.8.201
The maximum number of devices that can be attached to a single network address is 254; it is therefore suitable for smaller networks.
Shortage of IP address
The numbers of networks and devices have exploded in the recent past. This means that the availability of IP addresses is getting exhausted. Some
Options:
Temporary IP Address;
One solution to overcome the IP address shortage is to provide temporary address to devices as and when the device connects to the Internet. After the device disconnects, the same address can be given to another device, this how ISP’s operate.
Reduce Need for IP Address:
The Router, which is the starting point of the network, has a fixed IP address. All the devices connected to this network use this IP address. The router has the address list of the devices network card (NIC) and uses this address to communicate within the network.
IP version 6.0
To overcome the IP address shortage, a new version 6.0 is being proposed. It has 6 number sets separated by dots. The size of the address will be 128 bits. With the introduction of version 6.0, there would 5 classes A, B, C, D and E.
Resolution
Resolution is a key specification of any CCTV equipment. It is the quality of definition and clarity of a picture. It is defined in number of lines for an analog signal and number of pixels for a digital signal.
More lines or pixels = higher resolution = better picture quality.
Camera resolution depends upon the number of pixels in the CCD chip. If a camera manufacturer can put in more pixels in the same size CCD chip, that camera will have a better resolution. In other words the resolution is directly proportional to the number of pixels in the CCD chip. Any CCTV device has two types of resolution, vertical and horizontal:
Vertical Resolution
Vertical resolution = number of horizontal lines or pixels. The vertical resolution cannot be greater the number of TV scanning lines, which is 625 lines for PAL and 525 lines for NTSC. Because some of the lines are lost in the interlacing of fields, the maximum vertical resolution possible as per the Kell factor is 0.75 of the number of horizontal scanning lines. Using this, the maximum vertical resolution possible is
For PAL 625 X .75 = 470 lines
For NTSC 525 X .75 = 393 lines
Vertical resolution is not a critical issue as most camera manufacturers achieve this figure.
Horizontal Resolution
Horizontal resolution = number of vertical lines. Theoretically horizontal resolution can be increased infinitely, but the following two factors limit this
• It may not be technological possible to increase the number of pixels in a chip.
• As the number of pixels increase in the chip, the pixel size becomes smaller which lowers the sensitivity. There is a trade off between resolution and sensitivity.
If only one resolution is shown in the data sheet, it usually it is the horizontal resolution.
Measuring Resolution
There are different methods to measure resolution:
1. Resolution Chart
The camera is focused on a resolution chart and the vertical lines and horizontal lines are measured on the monitor. The resolution measurement is the point were the lines start merging and they cannot be separated.
Problems
• The merging point can be subjective as different people perceive it differently
• The resolution of the monitor must be higher than the camera. This is not a problem with Black and white monitors, but is a problem with many color monitors as they usually have a lower resolution as compared to a color camera.
2. Bandwidth Method
This is a scientific method to measure the resolution. The bandwidth of the video signal from the CCTV equipment is measured on an oscilloscope. Multiply this bandwidth by 80 to give the resolution of the camera.
Example: If the bandwidth is 5 MHz, the camera resolution will be 5 * 80 = 400 lines
Human Eye and CCTV Technology
The CCTV and video technology has been designed to meet the characteristics of the human eye. Starting with the camera, the human eye is the final recipient of the video signal. This information will explain how some of the properties of the human eye have made an impact on CCTV or video technology.
Eye and Persistency of Image
The human eye and a camera are quite similar. Both have a lens, an iris, and a light sensitive imaging area. In a camera it is the CCD chip, while in the eye it is the retina.
It is important to understand the Persistency of Image of the human eye. Any image formed by the eye is retained in the Retina for 40 ms (0.004 sec) only and after that it disappears.
This is known as the persistency of the human eye. For continuity it is necessary that the next frame or image is formed within 40 ms, if not, the human will see discrete frames with no continuity.
Converting this to frames per sec, it means the human eye requires a minimum of 24 frames per sec for a picture to look continuous. This basic concept was used when PAL and NTSC TV transmission standards were set up.
NTSC has 30 frames per sec, and is used in USA and Japan.
PAL has 25 frames per sec, and is popular in Europe and Asia
On the surface; both these standards meet the minimum requirements, but have an underlying problem. In both PAL and NTSC systems, there is a certain time taken when the first frame comes to an end and the next frame starts. During this time a blank pulse is added.
Since the PAL and NTSC systems are just above the minimum requirement, the human eye is able to perceive the blank pulse between the frames and this is seen as screen flickering. To overcome this problem, the frame is divided into two fields – odd and even fields. This way the blank pulse appears 50 times (PAL) and 60 times (NTSC) every sec. At this frequency, the human cannot perceive the blank pulse and therefore the screen flickering is avoided.
This is not an issue with computer monitors because the refresh rate is 100 times per sec and they do not use the PAL or NTSC standards.
A point of interest - have you seen the moving lines on a computer monitor while watching television? This is because of the different refresh rates of a computer and TV.
We discussed the concept of persistency of the human eye and why we require at least 25 frames per sec for the moving images to look continuous. In part 2, we will deal with the sensitivity of the human eye, which in many ways determines the bandwidth of the digital signal and also the video compression techniques used.
Basic Colors
It is known that the three basic colors of light are Red, Green and Blue (RGB). These colors are mixed and matched to form all the different colors.
An analysis of the spectral response of the human eye reveals that it is most sensitive to green light, while the response to red and blue is limited. Based on this finding, the brightness of a picture (Y) can be defined by the following equation:
Y = 0.3R (Red) + 0.59G (Green) + 0.11B (Blue)
A composite video signal contains Brightness Y and the basic colors RGB in the color burst. When converting this analog signal into a digital signal, sampling the green signal is not necessary. Only the Brightness, Blue and Red are part of the digital signal. This is also called the YUV (Brightness, Primary color 1, Primary color 2) signal.
Green is reconstructed by using the above equation
G = (Y - 0.3R - 0.11B) / 0.59
This helps reduce the size or bandwidth of the digital signal as only three components are used, instead of four.
Sampling Colors
The human eye has 120 million Rods and 8 million Cones. These are like pixels in the CCD chip. A CCD chip only has about 350,000 pixels, meaning a much lower picture quality as compared to the human eye. Rods are sensitive to the brightness of an image while cones handle the color. Since the numbers of available cones are limited, the sensitivity of the human eye to colors in a moving picture is not very high. Because of this, it is possible to reduce the image bandwidth by reducing the sampling rate of colors as compared to Y.
4:4:4 sampling
Here each pixel in the chip is sampled for brightness (Y), Primary color 1 (U) and primary color 2 (V). For a digital signal with 640X 480 pixels (307 KB), the bandwidth would be
307 KB (Y) + 307 KB (U) + 307 KB (V) = 921 KB
4:2:2 sampling
Here each pixel is sampled for Y (640X 480), but only every alternate horizontal pixel is sampled (320 X 480) for the color component. The bandwidth in this case will be
307 KB (Y) + 154 KB (U) + 154 KB (V) = 615 KB
This color sampling process is used in JPEG and MPEG compression
4:2:0 sampling
Here each pixel is sampled for Y (640X 480), but only every alternate horizontal and vertical pixel is sampled (320 X 240) for color. The bandwidth in this case will be
307 KB (Y) + 77 KB (U) + 77 KB (V) = 461 KB
To further reduce the image size, different compression techniques like JPEG, MPEG and Wavelet are used.
Lens Construction and Chromatic Aberration
To understand the construction of the lens, it is important to understand the theory of light. The speed of light when traveling through air is roughly 299,460 km per second. When light passes from air into a denser medium at an angle, like glass or water, its speed slows down by the index of refraction of the medium. The following table gives a comparison for the various mediums.
Medium Index of Refraction Speed of Light
Air / Vacuum 1.0 299,460 km/sec
Water 1.33 225,158 km/sec
Glass 1.5 199,640 km/sec
Diamond 2.42 123,744 km/sec
As the wave of propagation is still continuous, this slowing down bends the light beam when it enters the new medium. It is similar to a bicycle changing direction when it enters sand from road. This basic principle is used in the construction of a lens. Convex and concave lenses are the basic lens types that make the light beam converge and diverge respectively. These basic lens types are mixed and matched to give a wide variety of lenses.
Chromatic Aberration of Light
When light is refracted through glass, a lens error called chromatic aberration occurs. What is chromatic aberration? Visible light is made of different colors and each color has a different frequency. These colors will bend differently compared to each other when they pass through a single convex lens, resulting in a scattered focal point, meaning the picture will not be focused properly.
To overcome this error, several different lenses are grouped together. This can make the lens construction complex and therefore more expensive. There are lenses available that do not resolve the chromatic error accurately and are not compatible for use with color cameras, as they will not give a sharp focus for all the colors in the picture. The same reasoning and logic is applicable for the infrared frequency range also. For this reason, in many cases, when an infrared illuminator is used with a monochrome camera the picture is not properly focused.
Lens Construction and Quality
Different Glass Groups in a lens
Many people are under the impression that a lens is made up of a single lens. This is not true. Besides glass pieces required for correcting chromatic aberration, additional glass is also required:
• To focus the lens on objects at different distances
When the lens focus moves from one object to another at a different distance, or when it follows a moving object, the lens elements reposition, i.e. the focal point changes and the picture thus always remain clear. This is not a problem with the human eye which varies the thickness of the lens. A long way to go to catch up with this advanced technology!
• To achieve different focal lengths in a zoom lens
The glass pieces move in relation to each other to achieve different magnification of the object, resulting in different focal lengths in a zoom lens.
Factors effecting lens quality
During construction, the following factors will determine the quality of the lens.
1. Number of glass pieces used
More glass pieces combined together in a lens may help in reducing chromatic error, improving focusing etc, but will increase light absorption, resulting in lesser light availability to the camera. There is a trade off between accuracy and absorption.
2. Absorption factor of the glass
Poor quality glass will absorb more light, again resulting in lower light availability to the camera. Obviously glass with lower absorption factor will cost more.
3. Coating and polishing:
The quality of coating and polishing of the glass can improve lens quality.
4. Mechanism:
Precision and reliability of the mechanism that moves the glass pieces within the lens is important. Poor quality mechanisms can lead to inaccurate settings that may not be consistent.
Different Elements of a Zoom Lens
A zoom lens is a lens that can be changed in focal length continuously without losing focus. Magnification of a scene can be changed with a single lens, but every time the position shifts, the lens must be refocused. If two lenses are combined, it is possible to change the magnification without disturbing the focus. A zoom lens is made of the following groups
1. Focusing lens group: The focusing lens group brings an object into focus. It moves irrespective of the zoom ratio or current focal length.
2. Variator lens group: The variator lens group changes the size or magnification of the image
3. Compensator lens group: When moved in relation to the variator group, the compensator lens group corrects the shift in focus.
Lens groups 1 to 3 are the core of the zoom lens, and are called the zoom unit
4. Relay lens: Since the zoom unit does not converge light, the relay lens group is placed behind it to focus the object on to the CCD chip.
Zoom lens design requires extensive optical path tracing and continues self correcting performance evaluation effort. It also involves the use of powerful computers and specialist software.
Camera Sensitivity / Minimum Scene Illumination
Sensitivity, measured in lux indicates the minimum light level required to get an acceptable video picture. There is a great deal of confusion in the CCTV industry over this specification. There are two definitions "sensitivity at faceplate" and "minimum scene illumination"
• Sensitivity at faceplate indicates the minimum light required at the CCD chip to get an acceptable video picture. This looks good on paper, but in reality does not give any indication of the light required at the scene.
• Minimum scene illumination indicates the minimum light required at the scene to get an acceptable video picture. Though the correct way to show this specification, it depends upon a number of variables. Usually the variables used in the data sheet are never the same as in the field and therefore do not give a correct indication of the actual light required. For example a camera indicating the minimum scene illumination is 0.1 lux. Moon light provides this light level, but when this camera is installed in moon light, the picture quality is either poor or there is no picture. Why does this happen? It is because the field variables are not the same as those used in the data sheet.
How does it work?
Usually light falls on the subject. A certain percentage is absorbed and the balance is reflected and this moves toward the lens in the camera. Depending upon the iris opening of the camera a certain portion of the light falls on the CCD chip. This light then generates a charge, which is converted into a voltage. The following variables should be shown in the data sheet while indicating the minimum scene illumination.
• Reflectance
• F Stop
• Usable Video
• AGC
• Shutter speed
Reflectance
Light from a light source falls on the subject. Depending upon the surface reflectivity, a certain portion of this light is reflected back which moves towards the camera. Below are a few examples of surface reflectivity.
• snow = 90%
• grass = 40%
• brick = 25%
• black = 5%
Most camera manufacturers use an 89% or 75% (white surface) reflectance surface to define the minimum scene illumination. If the actual scene you are watching has the same reflectance as in the data sheet, then there is no problem, but in most cases this is not true. If you are watching a black car, only 5% of the light is reflected and therefore at least 15 times more light is required at the scene to give the same amount of reflected light. To compensate for the mismatch, use the modification factor shown below.
Modification factor F1 = Rd/Ra
Rd = reflectance used in the data sheet
Ra = reflectance of the actual scene
Lens Speed
The reflected light starts moving towards the camera. The first device it meets is the lens, which has a certain iris opening. While specifying the minimum scene illumination, the data sheet usually specifies an F Stop of F1.4 or F1.2. F Stop gives an indication of the iris opening of the lens. The larger the F Stop value, the smaller the iris opening and vice versa. If the lens being used at the scene does not have the same iris opening, then the light required at the scene requires to be compensated for the mismatch in the iris opening.
Modification factor F2=- Fa² / Fd²
Fa = F-stop of actual lens
Fd = F-stop of lens used in data sheet.
Usable Video
After passing through the lens the light reaches the CCD chip and generates a charge which is proportional to the light falling on a pixel. This charge is read out and converted into a video signal. Usable video is the minimum video signal specified in the camera data sheet to generate an acceptable picture on the monitor. It is usually measured as a percentage of the full video.
Example: 30% usable video = 30% of 0.7 volts (full video or maximum video amplitude) = 0.2 volts. The question here is: Is this acceptable?
Unfortunately there is no standard definition for usable video in the industry and most manufacturers do not indicate their definition in the data sheet while measuring the minimum scene illumination.
It is recommended to be aware of the useable video percentage used by the manufacturer while specifying the minimum scene illumination in the data sheet. The minimum scene illumination should be modified if the useable video used in the data sheet is not acceptable.
Modification Factor F3 = Ua/Ud
Ua = actual video required at the site as % of full video
Ud = usable video % used by the manufacturer
AGC
AGC stands for Automatic Gain Control. As the light level reduces the AGC switches on and the video signal gets a boost. Unfortunately, the noise present also gets a boost. However when the light levels are high, the AGC switches off automatically, because the boost could overload the pixels causing vertical streaking etc.
The data sheet should indicate if the AGC is “On” or “Off” while measuring minimum scene illumination. If the data sheet indicates AGC is "on" yet, if in reality the AGC is "off" then the minimum scene illumination in the data sheet should be modified
Modification Factor F4 = Ad/Aa
Ad = AGC position in the data sheet
Aa = Actual AGC position
If AGC off = 1, then AGC on = db figure from the data sheet
Shutter Speed
These days most cameras have an electronic shutter speed which allows one to adjust the timing of the charge read of the CCD chip. The standard read out is 50 times (PAL) and 60 times (NTSC) per second. If the shutter speed is increased to say 1000 times per sec, that means the light required at the scene should be 20 times more (for PAL). Increasing the shutter speed allows the picture to be crisper, but requires more light. Use the following modification factor
Modification Factor F5 = Sa/Sd
Sd = Default shutter speed (PAL - 1/50 sec NTSC - 1/60 sec)
Sa = Actual shutter speed being used
Adjusted Minimum Scene Illumination
The minimum scene illumination of the camera must be adjusted because of the mismatch between the actual conditions in the field and the variables used in the data sheet.
Ma = (F1*F2*F3*F4*F5) * Md
Ma = adjusted minimum scene illumination
Md = minimum scene illumination as per the camera data sheet
Comparison
Compare the actual light at the scene (L) with the adjusted minimum scene illumination (Ma). If the light available is more than the adjusted minimum scene illumination, then the current camera can be used. If the actual light at the scene is lower than the adjusted minimum scene illumination of the camera, then the camera setting may require adjustment or an alternative solution is necessary. The following steps will help resolve the issue.
Step 1
Check if camera variables can be changed
• If AGC is switched off, then switch AGC on
• Accept a lower usable video %
• Reduce shutter speed, if possible
• Use a lens with a lower F-stop
If no success go step 2
Step 2
• Find a more sensitive camera
• own grade from color to B/W camera
• Add Infrared light if B/W camera is being used
• Add more lighting at the scene
Composite Video Signal
In CCTV the video signal is called Composite Video. It has a maximum amplitude of 1 volt peak to peak and is made up of the following parts;
- Video signal
- Horizontal sync pulse
- Vertical sync pulse
Video Signal
The greater the amount of light on the pixel the larger the amplitude of the video signal is. In a composite video, the maximum amplitude of the video signal is 0.7 volts.
Vertical Sync Pulses
A video picture is made up of video frames. In NTSC there are 30 frames or 60 fields per sec, while PAL has 25 frames or 50 fields per sec.
At the end of each frame or field, a vertical sync pulse is added. This sync pulse tells the electronic devices in the camera and other CCTV component that the field has come to an end and gets them ready to receive the next frame or field. The amplitude of this pulse is a 0.3 volts. This when added to the video signal, gives total amplitude of 1 volt peak to peak.
Horizontal Sync Pulse
A video frame is made of lines. In NTSC there are 525 lines per frame, while PAL has 625 lines per frame. Each point in the line reflects the intensity of the video signal. At the end of each line, a horizontal sync pulse is added. This sync pulse tells the electronic devices in the CCTV system that a line has come to an end and to get ready for the start of the next line. This also has amplitude of 0.3 volts.
The above is a quick overview of the components of a composite video. Below are some statistics and additional information about a video signal.
Horizontal and Vertical Scanning Frequencies
The following table details the different frequencies under the NTSC and PAL system
Frame Frequency: 30 per sec (NTSC) 25 per sec (PAL)
Duration of each frame 1 / 30 sec (NTSC) 1/25 sec (PAL)
No of fields per frame 2 (NTSC & PAL)
Field frequency 60 per sec (NTSC) 50 per sec (PAL)
Duration of each field 1 / 60 sec (NTSC) 1/50 sec (PAL)
No of lines per frame 525 (NTSC) 625 (PAL)
No of lines per field 262.5 (NTSC) 312.5 (PAL)
No of lines per sec 525 X 30 =15750 (NTSC) 625 X 25 = 15625 (PAL)
Duration of each line 1 / 15750 sec or 63.5us (NTSC) 1 / 15625 sec or 64 us (PAL)
Horizontal and Vertical Blanking
Retrace or fly back is the time required to move from the end of one line to the start of the next line or from the end of one field to the start of the next field. No picture information is scanned during the retrace and therefore must be blanked out. In television, blanking means going to black level.
The retrace must be very rapid, since it is wasted time in terms of picture information. The time needed for horizontal blanking is approximately 16% of each horizontal line. The time for the vertical blanking is approximately 8% of the vertical field
Field duration 30 per sec (NTSC) 25 per sec (PAL)
Vertical blanking 1 / 30 sec (NTSC) 1/25 sec (PAL)
Line Loss due vertical blanking 2
Line duration 60 per sec (NTSC) 50 per sec (PAL)
Horizontal blanking 1 / 60 sec (NTSC) 1/50 sec (PAL)
Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization
The blanking pulse puts the video signal at the black level, the synchronization pulse starts the actual retrace in scanning. Each horizontal sync pulse is inserted in the video signal within the time of the horizontal blanking pulse and each vertical sync pulse is inserted in the video signal within the time of the vertical blanking time. The following is the frequency of each synchronization pulse.
Vertical 60 Hz (NTSC) 50 Hz (PAL)
Horizontal 15750 Hz (NTSC) 15625 Hz (PAL)
The Colour Signal
A color video signal is the same as monochrome except that the color information in the scene is also included, which is transmitted separately. The following two signals are transmitted separately
Luminance signal: known as the Y signal, contains the variations in the picture information as in a monochrome signal and is used to reproduce the picture in black and white.
Chrominance signal: known as the C signal, contains the color information. It is transmitted as the modulation on a sub carrier. The sub carrier frequency is 3.58 MHz for NTSC and 4.43 MHz for PAL.
Construction of the Composite Video Signal
The composite video has the following parts:
- Camera signal output corresponding to the variation of light in the scene
- The sync pulses to synchronize the scanning
- The blanking pulses to make the retrace invisible
For color signals, the chrominance signal and color sync burst are added.
Key Consideration for Effective 24 hours CCTV
When designing CCTV systems for effective 24-hour surveillance, there are particular areas, which must be addressed regarding the night time performance of the system;
- Camera
- Lens
- Illumination
1. Camera
All cameras are not the same, and some are better suited to providing effective coverage at night. It can be a minefield for installers with impressive claims of zero/low lux use cameras, but in essence without light there can be no picture. All CCD cameras offer some degree of IR response though some have enhanced I.R. performance which make them more suitable for longer range applications or for use with low power IR sources such as LED`s.
Until recently the most IR sensitive cameras were based on frame transfer chips. Recently some new chip sets have become available mainly in ½ formats.
These offer excellent low noise, high resolution, and low smear characteristics together with excellent IR response. They also overcome some of the draw backs of the frame transfer cameras.
Some cameras offer integration as a method of improving night-time performance - multiplying the light available by several factors. However the application of this technology may be limited to more fixed or static situations with limited movement on scene because of jerkiness caused by the integration.
Several dual mode cameras (day-night, dual technology) have been launched over the last few years. These are intended to provide the best compromise for 24 hour surveillance - colour by day and monochrome / IR sensitive by night.
These are different forms of dual modes with some incorporating optical filters, which are moved over the CCD sensor for daytime/colour operation - and removed during night-time/monochrome to maximise the low light sensitivity. Other camera designs incorporate specialised filters, which show both good colour performance and IR sensitivity.
The key elements to consider when choosing your camera are:
- Sensitivity - low light performance
- Signal to noise ratio - a good s/n ratio will provide "clean" pictures
- Spectral response - the ability of the camera to see IR wavelengths
2. Lens
The night-time performance of lenses is sometimes overlooked. There is a compromise to be made - at night you want to maximise the light gathering capability of your lens (i.e. have the smallest `f` stop). This will reduce the depth of field of the picture, which may cause focusing problems. This obviously is less of a problem with auto iris lenses where the lens will
naturally open to its maximum aperture (lowest `f` stop) in low light operation but on the fixed lens there may need to be a compromise between the low light operation and its depth of field focusing.
Focus Shift
Daylight and IR light have different focal lengths/points.
This may cause a focus shift between day time and IR operation. The degree of focus shift may depend on a variety of factors depending on the quality of lenses, the wavelength of the IR filter (830nM & 950nM will give a more exaggerated focus shift).
However, more recently some manufacturers have developed a range of lenses with zero focus shift between daytime and IR performance.
3. Illumination
The key for a successful night-time scheme is having sufficient light, the right quality of light and the right control over the light.
The best night-time solution for CCTV is Infra-Red lighting at the camera head controlled by either telemetry or photocell.
Key Design Consideration
730nM filters are brighter in appearance than 830nm or 950nm but provide more useable Infra-Red radiation for cameras. In certain applications the red appearance of 730nm filters may provide an additional deterrent to 830nm & 950nm applications. When using 830nm or 950nm filters, ensure IR enhanced cameras are used for maximum performance.
Match the field of view of camera/lens with lens on Infra-Red lamp.
An even illumination is needed to allow a CCTV camera to work within its dynamic range.