TECHNICAL INFORMATION, LINKS, AND DOWNLOADS!

IF YOU CAME HERE FROM A SEARCH LINK THEN SCROLL DOWN UNTILL YOU SEE THE INFORMATION

THAT YOU ARE SEEKING. ALSO USE THE TROUBLESHOOTING HOME PAGE FOR MORE CONTENT!

Please email me at sales@scorpiontheater, and let me know if the information you seek was valuable to you.

Let me know what you think! If you enjoyed these links then send us a letter of appreciation!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FIND MY IP ADDRESS OUTSIDE OF MY ROUTER

PORTFOWARD

AVTECH CPCAM TECH SUPPORT (Manuals, and Downloads, and Tips)

AVTECH DVRS

DEDICATED MICROS ( Lost Password Download Network Viewer Hard Drive Info )

CAN I RECORD?

LOURUO ELECTRONICS

DVR LEARNING LAB (pentamicro TW2804 IBM Power PC 405EP ademcovideo)

CONEXTANT LINKS

ICREALTIME DVR PROCESSOR

ZONEMINDER LINKS

EYEMAX / UNIXCCTV / TELPIX!

VIDEO COMPRESSION TUTORIAL (MPEG 4)

<<<<<Note: Learning Labs in the left column! <<<<

APPLE QUICK TIME FILE FORMAT SPECIFICATION

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

CAMERA LEARNING LAB

HIGH DEF IP CAM LEARNING LAB ( APTINA APRO DM 355 DaVinci Processor ARM 9 PDF)

CAMERAS ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE

LENS INFORMATION

DNS

HOW TO NETWORK AVTECH / CPCAM DVRS

DSL INFO ( ATT, BELLSOUTH, BRIGHTHOUSE, TIME WARNER, COMCAST AND MODEM INFO )

ISP OUTGOING SMTP SERVER HOSTS

ROUTER INFO ( COMPANY PRODUCT INFO TECH SUPPORT, AND FORUMS )

DD-WRT

ETHERNET

GIGABIT ETHERNET

ETHERNET OVER POWERLINE

HOMETECH INFO

GADGET INFO

POWER SUPPLY INFO (ALTRONIX)

DIGICOMM WIRE DROP SUPPLY

CHANNEL VISION

CHANNEL VISION GUIDES

LCD TV INFO

FMSYSTEM INFO (GROUND LOOP BLOCKERS, VIDEO SWITCHER, VIDEO PLEXORS, VIDEO TOOLS)

RS232 INFO

IT IS NOT AN RJ 45 AND IT IS NOT A DB9 ( RJ 45, DB 9 INFO)

MICROSOFT INFO

CA SPYWARE SCANNER (FREE)

ICRONTIC COMPUTER HELP

ZIP SOFTWARE ZIP / RAR

EARLY COMPUTERS TRS 80, COMMODORE 64

SCART INFO

HDMI INFO

DB9 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B

DB25 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B

TELEPHONE INFO

TELEPHONE LEARNING LAB

TELEPHONE FORUM

TELEPHONE PART, TOOLS, AND KNICKNACKS

TELEVISION LINKS

ANTENNA ORIENTATION FOR DTV

GUIDE TO CABLEING

GROUND LOOP ISSUES

BISCI

STATE LICENSE CONTRACTOR / FICT NAME / ALARM CONTRACTOR

FIBER OPTIC INFO

JIM HAYES HOME PAGE (FIBER GURU)

XANTECH PRODUCTS

INFO POSTED BY intelliGEORGE FROM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM

FIND MY IP ADDRESS OUTSIDE OF MY ROUTER

What is my IP address??

Google Search

This is what I use.....
http://ipchicken.com/

PORT FORWARD INFORMATION

Home page:
http://portforward.com/

Read this:
http://www.portforward.com/help/pfprogression.htm

Guides:
http://portforward.com/guides.htm

Router Documentation:
http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/port_forwarding/routerindex.htm

PF (portfoward) Config Support and FAQ
http://portforward.com/store/pfsupport.htm

Securing Your Wireless Network:
http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/wireless/routerindex.htm

Firewall info:
http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/firewalling/routerindex.htm

How to find a computers MAC address:
http://www.portforward.com/networking/MAC.htm

Forum:
http://forum.portforward.com/

YouTube Videos "router portfoward"

http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=routers+port+fowarding&search_type=&aq=f

ROUTER INFO

http://scorpiontheater.com/router.aspx

HOW TO NETWORK AVTECH DVRs

http://scorpiontheater.com/videonetworkingwithavtech.aspx

AVTECH CPCAM TECH SUPPORT

AVTECH, AND CPCAM TECH SUPPORT:
http://scorpiontheater.com/troubleshooting.aspx

Tech Support, Manuals, and Downloads:
http://scorpiontheater.com/cpcamtechsupport.aspx

HOW TO NETWORK AVTech DVRs:
http://scorpiontheater.com/videonetworkingwithavtech.aspx

JAVA AP FOR AVTech. MAC USER / LINUX USER / SOLARIS USER

http://scorpiontheater.com/javaapp.aspx

HOW TO INSTALL VIDEO SERVER E

http://scorpiontheater.com/installserver.aspx

HOW TO DO A HARDWARE RESET

http://scorpiontheater.com/reset.aspx

NEW! AVC 760A / AVC 760AS / NUBIX 4ST NEW VIDEO SERVER AND MANUAL

http://scorpiontheater.com/nubix4st.aspx

CMS Central Management Software (Up to 256 cameras).

http://scorpiontheater.com/avcms.aspx

SCRUITS advice on Camera Image Layout:
http://scorpiontheater.com/cil.aspx

If http://211.22.74.18 is down then there is a mirror site here...

http://www.lakson.com.sg/cpcam/

for those of you who may be getting Avast warnings. do not worry. Take no action.

It is a false alert as far as I am aware of.

AVTECH

AVTECH TAIWAN
http://www.avtech.com.tw/english/cctv.aspx?Type=3&Type2=2

AVTECH HONG KONG Welfare Electronic Component Limited WECL weclonline

http://www.avtech.com.hk/eng/

CPCAM
http://www.cpcamcctv.com/En/index.aspx

CPCAM NEW YORK:
http://www.cpcamnewyork.com/ (Dead link. This link will stay in case it is activated again).

CPCAM NEW YORK LINK IS DEAD. It is owned by http://cpcamcctv.ca/ (Canada)

DEDICATED MICROS

http://www.dedicatedmicros.com/
http://www.dedicatedmicrosus.com/

Down load for Digital Sprite II Dedicated Micros Network Viewer
http://www.norbain.co.uk/go.php?structureID=software&ref=S431EEBF2C3BAB&confirmDownload=1&x=14&y=11

This is the Web Address to your Menu of your DM DSII DVR
http://192.168.0.200/webpages/index.shtml

Dedicated Micros Junction Box PDF‏
http://www.dedicatedmicros.com/uk/file.php?path=%2Fhome%2Fdedicated%2Fuk%2Ffiles%2Fsupport_docs%2Ff134&filename=MI-I-CJ01-E1-0_Junction_Box.pdf

Dedicated Micros Manuals, and Downloads‏ (US)
http://www.dedicatedmicrosus.com/?id=149

Net Vu Observer, Map Demo, DM Network Viewer, and PlayBack Software

http://www.dedicatedmicros.com/uk/support_downloads_online.php

Ports to open on a DM DSII DVR
8234 to 8238

INFO FROM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM

http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=7369&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0

Hard Drive Info
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=8428
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=3003

Lost Password
http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=10066

LOST PASSWORD INFO

If you ensure that you have setup an IP / subnet mask on the DS2 then check what version you have by pressing the menu button where the time / date is i.e (DVTX) or (DVTU) goto www.dedicatedmicros.com and download the latest software update for your machine.

Remover the primary hard drive from the DS2 and install it as an additional drive on your PC or use an USB to IDE interface remove all files on the drive do not format it once completed re insert the drive into your DS2 and power up the unit it will show halted in boot loader then launch the ftp programme that comes with the software upgrade and enter the DS2 IP address and the software will copy over when done down power and repower the DS2 and the software will reinstall with the default user name and passwords for the network viewer.

AVERMEDIA

USA

http://www.avermedia-usa.com/security.html

http://www.avermedia.com/AVerDiGi/

CONTACT AVERMEDIA

http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/AboutUs/Default.aspx?CID=21

FAQS

http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/faq.aspx

DOWNLOADS

http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/Download.aspx

AVerDiGi EB1504 NET

http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/DownloadDetail.aspx?id=139

AVerDiGi EB1304 MD

http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/DownloadDetail.aspx?id=90

AVerDiGi EB1304 MPEG4

http://www.avermedia.com/averdigi/Support/DownloadDetail.aspx?id=91

CAN I RECORD AUDIO?

Click here for more info!

Click on these links at http://www.rcfp.org/taping/

Introduction
State-by-state guide
Tape-recording laws at a glance
Consent and its limits
Interstate phone calls
Possession and publication
The FCC’s role
Cellular & cordless calls
Citations to cases in articles

Interspousal Wiretapping in California

http://erickregalado.wordpress.com/2008/05/21/interspousal-wiretapping-in-california/

18 U.S.C. §2511

http://www.justice.gov/criminal/cybercrime/18usc2511.htm

LOUROE ELECTRONICS

http://www.louroe.com/

PRODUCTS

http://www.louroe.com/products.asp

MONITORING KITS

http://www.louroe.com/kits.asp?model=ask4kit101

SPECS

http://www.louroe.com/datasheets/ask4kit_101.pdf

INSTRUCTIONS

http://www.louroe.com/instructions/ask4kit101.pdf

WIRING

2 Conductor shielded, 22 gauge with a 24 gauge drain wire.

BASE STATION SINGLE ZONE

http://www.louroe.com/basestations.asp?model=apr1

BASE STATION FOUR ZONE

http://www.louroe.com/basestations.asp?model=ap4

VERIFACT MICROPHONE

http://www.louroe.com/mics.asp?model=amic

BIDIRECTIONAL ENCLOSURES (MIC/SPEAKER)

http://www.louroe.com/audiointerfacebi.asp?model=aopspwf

You can use the RG59 for audio. Loss will depend on what kind of camera, or should I say what kind of microphone, and support electronics that go with it. If it has a built in preamplifier then you should be good to go. If it does not have a preamplifier then you can hook it up, and test it. If it works then you are good to go, if it does not then you will have to add a preamplifier from the wire to what ever you are hooking the audio up to, which I assume will be the DVR.

If you are an installer then it would be worth it to get a crimping tool for compression fittings. You can get an RG59 RCA compression fitting to put on the wire then it will plug right in to an RCA input. You can crimp/twist/compress an BNC connector then you can use an adapter such as this:

http://eclipsecctv.com/ECL-1010_connector.html

4-Channel Stereo Microphone Mixer

You can use this as a preamplifier to plug a microphone in to your DVR (do not use the other channels). Use one for each mic.

http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2102920&cp=&sr=1&origkw=microphones+amplifiers&kw=microphones+amplifiers&parentPage=search

This can be used for PCs

http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2548721&cp=&pg=6&sr=1&origkw=microphones&kw=microphones&parentPage=search

Here is a portable tester from Radio Shack.

http://www.radioshack.com/product/index.jsp?productId=2062620&cp=&sr=1&origkw=microphones+amplifiers&kw=microphones+amplifiers&parentPage=search

http://www.radioshack.com/search/index.jsp?kwCatId=&kw=microphones%20amplifiers&origkw=microphones%20amplifiers&sr=1

DVR LEARNING LAB!

Click here for more info!

DVR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_DVR

Pentamicro
http://www.pentamicro.com/renew/sub/eng_catalog.php?CatNo=84 (Block Diagram)
http://www.pentamicro.com/renew/sub/eng_catalog.php?CatNo=71 (AT2041)

http://www.pentamicro.com/etc/AT2041.pdf

http://www.pentamicro.com/en/solm4pc.htm

2041

http://www.techwellinc.com/products/products.html?PHPSESSID=efbdb98d2b2e7133024cde3029de1b31

Techwell (See Pentamicro Block Diagram)
http://techwellinc.com/products/brochures/TW2834.pdf

http://www.techwellinc.com/products/products.html

Vineyard Technologies G Series MPEG 4 Video Decoder

http://www.vineyardtechnologies.com/gseries1.htm

http://www.gencore.co.kr/korean/more/techwell/ShortFormCatalog_Jan_2003_Rev1.pdf

TW2804 NTSC/PAL Quad video decoders with scaling and motion detection for security multiplexers and others progressive scan YCbCr input.
TW6800 NTSC NTSC/PAL/SECAM Analog to Digital Video Conversion with Switchable 2H Comb or Notch Filter and PCI Interface.

IBM Power PC 405EP (See Pentamicro Block Diagram)
http://www-01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/products/PowerPC_405_Embedded_Cores

http://www-01.ibm.com/chips/techlib/techlib.nsf/techdocs/3D7489A3704570C0872571DD0065934E/$file/PPC405_Product_Overview_20060902.pdf

Possible Viewer for AVTech DVRs

http://www.videolan.org/

Honeywell Software Downloads

http://www.ademcovideo.com/support/downloads/downloads_dvr.html#Rapid%20Eye%20Rapid%20Eye%20Multi%20(REM

HOW TO GET OTHER SOFTWARE TO WORK WITH YOUR PC BASED DVR CARD:

PRESENTED BY RORY FROM THE FORUM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM

http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=2021

CONEXTANT

WHAT IS A PCI DECODER?

http://www.conexant.com/servlets/DownloadServlet/PBR-200097-001.pdf?docid=98&revid=1

BLOCK DIAGRAMS, CHIP PIN OUTS, FUNCTIONAL DISCRIPTION, FIFO DATA INTERFACE, ELECTRICAL INTERFACES,

PCI BUS INTERFACE INFO, IO PORT, REGISTER DEFINITIONS, VIDEO TIMING CONTROL REGISTERS, AND MORE!

http://www.conexant.com/servlets/DownloadServlet/DSH-200115-001.pdf?docid=116&revid=1

FUSION 878A

CONEXTANT FUSION 878A (Taiwan) This is the most widely used video decoder on the DVR Card market.

VIDEO CAPTURE PROCESSOR

http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=409

CX25850/1/3 Multi-Channel Video Decoder

http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=497

CX25800 PCI Video Decoder

http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=512

PCI-Express Media Bridge

http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=566

CX25878/9 PCI Video Decoder

http://www.conexant.com/products/entry.jsp?id=96

HINT HB1 PCI to PCI Bridge (PLXTECH) (Taiwan)

Chip Number: HB1/1-SE/HB6
Chip Description: Universal PCI-to-PCI Bridge (non-transparent mode)
Notes: now called PCI 6140/52/6254

PCI / PCI X BRIDGES

http://www.plxtech.com/products/fastlane/

PCI 6140 TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION

http://www.plxtech.com/products/fastlane/pci6140.asp#techdocs

PICTURES OF HINT CHIPS

http://www.plasma-online.de/index.html?content=http%3A//www.plasma-online.de/english/identify/picture/hint.html

NXP

WWW.NXP.COM (Korea)

http://www.nxp.com/profile/

NXP is a top 10 semiconductor company founded by Philips more than 50 years ago. Headquartered in Europe, the company has 37,000 employees working in more than 20 countries and posted sales of USD 6.3 billion in 2007.
NXP creates semiconductors, system solutions and software that deliver better sensory experiences in mobile phones, personal media players, TVs, set-top boxes, identification applications, cars and a wide range of other electronic devices.

VIDEO DECODERS

http://www.nxp.com/#/homepage/cb=[t=p,p=/50804/50823/31571]|pp=[t=pfp,i=31571]

PCI / PCIe MULTIMEDIA INTERFACES

http://www.nxp.com/#/homepage/cb=[t=p,p=/50804/55466]|pp=[t=pfp,i=55466]

THIS CHIP IS WIDELY USED BY GENERIC ASIAN OEM DVR CARDS.

SAA7146A PHILLIPS CHIP SET

http://www.nxp.com/#/pip/pip=[pip=SAA7146A_2]|pp=[t=pip,i=SAA7146A_2]

SAA7146A

WHITE PAPER PDF (INFORMATION OVERLOAD)!

http://avmaster.bnx.homelinux.net/datasheets/saa7146.pdf

ICREALTIME DVRS

USED IN ICREALTIME FLEX SERIES DVRS

PHILIPS TRIMEDIA VIDEO PROCESSOR

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriMedia

THE TRIMEDIA TM-1 PCI VLIW MEDIA PROCESSOR PDF

http://www.hotchips.org/archives/hc8/3_Tue/HC8.S6/HC8.6.1.pdf

PAPER TM3270 MEDIA PROCESSOR PDF

http://ce.et.tudelft.nl/publicationfiles/1228_587_thesis_JAN_WILLEM.pdf

MOTION ESTIMATION PERFORMANCE OF THE TM3270 PROCESSOR PDF

http://ce.et.tudelft.nl/publicationfiles/982_587_sac2005_v6.pdf#search=%22tm3270%22

TRIMEDIA USER GROUP (YAHOO)

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/trimedia/

USED IN ICREALTIME PRO SERIES DVRS

BLACKFIN ONLINE LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT (USED IN ICREALTIME PRO SERIES DVRS)

http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/content/index.html

BLACKFIN ONLINE LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT
http://www.analog.com/processors/learning/index.html

BLACK FIN CORE PROCESSOR

http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/content/blackfin_core_basics/fca.html

BLACKFIN PROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW

http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/content/blackfin_architecture/fca.html

BLACKFIN PROCESSOR HIGHLIGHT PDF'S

http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/processors/product-highlights/resources/index.html

DATA SHEETS

http://www.analog.com/en/embedded-processing-dsp/blackfin/processors/data-sheets/resources/index.html

Workshops
http://www.analog.com/processors/blackfin/training/workshops/index.html

University Program Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.analog.com/processors/universityProgram/universityfaq.html

AVERLOGIC

http://www.averlogic.com/about_aver1.htm

Founded in 1996, AverLogic Technologies is a fabless semiconductor company with headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan. Specialized in high-performance application specific memory and video processing circuits, the Company has design centers in San Jose, California USA, Hsinchu, Taiwan and ShenZhen City, PRC.

AVERLOGIC Video Decoder and ADC ICs, including: AL240, AL242, AL243, AL244, AL875

http://glyn.com/data/glyn/media/doc/AVERLOGIC_product_overview.pdf

AL240 Video Decoder Description

The AL240 is silicon efficient, cost effective high video quality NTSC/PAL SECAM video decoder with high quality Y/C separation process. The AL240 decodes NTSC/PAL/SECAM composite video or S-video and convert it into YCbCr 4:2:2, 8-bit digital video output. Employing adaptive filter technology, the AL240 is able to provide a clear Y/C separated signals while maintaining excellent frequency response. The result is sharp, high detail video that eliminates unwanted dot crawl and false color effects. Fully programmable video characteristic controls, such as hue, contrast, brightness, saturation, are supported. The AL240 decoder incorporates an advanced vertical blanking interval (VBI) data processor to do data slicing, parsing and decoding teletext, closed caption, and other formats. Two wires of hardware channel switching inputs allow decoder to do an instant alternation of analog CVBS inputs from one to the other. Up to 4 serial bus addresses can be selected via two configuration pins that allow multiple AL240 chips on the design without extra logic.

ZONEMINDER

DOCUMENTATION

http://www.zoneminder.com/documentation.html

FORUMS

http://www.zoneminder.com/forums/index.php

COMART HICAP

http://www.comartsystem.com/AM/PRODUCTS/dvr_board/hicap/

http://www.dvrworld.com/

# 7130 chip DVR Card Hardwares Requirements

7130 chipset video capture cards, adopting a new generation of chips Philip 7130 9bit video conversion technology, the image quality of soft pressure to achieve the highest level of card, the effect and most forcibly pressed cards almost see differences. But the cards on the cpu higher, as the cpu prices fell further, the use of the 7130 chip Video Capture Card greater advantage of the following requirements on the capacity of the configuration is as follows :

Minimum :

Cpu : Celeron d 2.66g or above
Motherboard : Intel chip family (via, sis chip will be compatible with the problem, it is not recommended to use), the best use dvr dedicated motherboard, realizing after blackouts
Calls automatically rebooting, and put a few cards can be saved.
Memory : flash or more
Graphics : GeForce2 32m or above (pci-e graphics cards currently support only ati chipset)
Power : rated power 300w or above (DC output : 3.3v, 27a)
System : WIN2000, winxp (Note WIN2000, contain more than 120g of drives, install the patch drives)
The system right cpu, power supply and high demand, customers will not lower than the above configuration installed debugging.

Note :

1 24 channels, we must use more than 2.8g of cpu, or network-cpu resources will be too high because of the problem.
2 Power must use two DC output : 3.3v, 27a (orange), otherwise there will be visual artifacts, gray screens is not a normal phenomenon.
3 Monitoring system can peruse desktop operation to put the proposal c NOTE running (for example, c : c : \ qx2006 application software)
4 must be set to True Color 32bits, otherwise there will be intervals negatives of such abnormal results
5 If ver4.1 printed on the card, install the new board driver

Recommendations :

One, which uses a special plate dvr, blackouts can be achieved after the restart calls, more stable performance.
2, the 350W power supply with the best of the Great Wall Power
Three, do not use low-cost non-brand-name memory, normally with only a 512Mbit memory will be sufficient. Distribution of a 1g, it is possible boot error.
4, using special motherboards, 8-way or 16-way can be used in its own integrated graphics.
5, cpu price difference was not significant, as Affiliated with Celeron d or more.
6, the best use IPC chassis, the price is not high, it is decent, fans should not province.

Video Capture Card for use with the common solution, please refer.

EYEMAX / UNIXCCTV / TELPIX!

TELPIX (EYEMAX MANUFACTURE)

http://www.telpix.com/

EYEMAX

http://www.eyemaxdvr.com/

ABOUT TELPIX / UNIXCCTV

The best just got better! Telpix has been a fast growing company within the past sixteen years, excelling in the closed circuit television (CCTV) industry. The success of the company has been driven on our promotion of excellence in all areas from customer service to our products. After fifteen years the company has expanded its products from the latest and best cameras to digital video recorders (DVR). When you think you cannot improve our products anymore we still continue to make then even better. Our products speak for themselves on their reliability and quality. We back up all our products to be the highest in quality and durability. Our cameras go through rigorous testing to ensure that they will put up any type of severe conditions.

Time and time again we are able to boast about having the biggest and best variety of security equipment to meet all your needs. Our warehouse has the largest selection of cameras, monitors, VCRs, lenses, switchers, quads and multiplexers.

Come and see how we can be the solution to your problems. Fifteen years of experience can change your business.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Los Angeles, CA
1331 S. Vermont Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90006
Tel (213)386-2626 Fax (213)389-0702 sales@telpix.com
Business Hour (PST)
Mon ~ Fri : 8:00AM ~ 6:00PM Sat : 9:00AM ~ 4:00PM

New York, NY
46-20 76th St. Elmhurst, NY 11373
Tel (718)205-0606 Fax (718)205-0724 east@unixcctv.us
Business Hour (EST)
Mon ~ Fri : 8:00AM ~ 6:00PM Sat : 9:00AM ~ 4:00PM

New Jersey, NJ
16 Passaic Ave #Unit2. Fairfield, NJ 07004
Tel (973)808-6797 Fax (973)808-6798 east@unixcctv.us
Business Hour (EST)
Mon ~ Fri : 8:00AM ~ 6:00PM Sat : 9:00AM ~ 4:00PM

Unix CCTV, Inc. (New York, NY) Customer Service
126-20 35th Ave. Corona, NY 11368

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ABOUT EYEMAX

We are living in a new era in CCTV industry. For the last five years we have witnessed disappearance of switchers, quads, multiplexers and VCRs. Our industry is welcoming the digital era, thus DVRs (Digital Video Recorders). We are now entrapped by the clarity, reliability and convenience of DVRs. We are amazed by the clear picture quality, reliability, and ease of operation of DVRs. Now, with mass production, DVRs are more affordable than ever. Eyemax DVRs have been in the pioneering front of DVR industry. We offer several different models. We cater from average everyday use DVRs to high speed special purpose DVRs. We also boast astounding speed rate at off-site viewing. Our user friendly GUI is well accepted by dealers as well as end-users. Welcome to the world of Eyemax DVRs. Let us be your guide as well as provider for you DVR needs.

Important Message to Eyemax DVR End Users

We learned that certain individuals or companies advertise themselves by using our registered brand name, "Eyemaxdvr" or "Eyemax", as a keyword on major search engine sites or a domain name. We are notifying that these companies are not associated with "Eyemaxdvr" neither officially authorized to use the keyword in any manners.

Attention to our valuable eyemaxdvr system builders.
COUNTERFEIT BOARD Warning

DVB-9120 Counterfeit board is out on the market and making eyemaxdvr system builders confusing. Eyemaxdvr software doesn't run on the counterfeit board, so please be careful when purchasing a DVB-9120 board. Use counterfeit board recognition guide to make sure you are getting a genuine board. Those counterfeit boards built with used or much lower grade parts, so they eventually end up dead or not working in short period of time.

EYEMAX Digital Video Recorder

EYEMAX Digital Video Recorder(DVR) is an equipment which digitally records multiple video signals- generated by CCTV devices. Images are recorded into Hard Disk Drive. DVR is based on personal computer architecture. Consequently, advantages of PC based DVR follows. First, capable of performing quick and easy access of video archive, you can search and display your incidents instantly by hours, minutes and even by seconds. Second, networking via internet by using network adapter or modem, DVR allows you to access CCTV images through internet. Enabling remote monitoring from anywhere in the world. Lastly, Data Transformation, one of the biggest advantages of PC is transferring and transforming data. Same rule applies to DVR; transfer video data by using CD-RW. This enables replay of video data at any location via PC.

MAGIC RADAR

http://www.magicradar.com/

TELEPIX DVR VIDEO CAPTURE BOARDS

http://www.telpix.com/dvr/board/

VIDEO COMPRESSION TUTORIAL

http://www.wave-report.com/tutorials/VC.htm

APPLE QUICK TIME FILE FORMAT SPECIFICATION (White paper)!

A very technical white paper!

CCTV
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television

VIDEO CAMERA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera

HARD DRIVE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk

MPEG 2
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2

MPEG 4
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4

MOTION JPEG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjpeg

JPEG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG

JPEG 2000
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_2000

H.264/MPEG-4 AVC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.264

NTSC
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntsc

PAL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal

RESOLUTION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution

CIF
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Format

Digital Video Surveillance Kit
http://www.analog.com/processors/platforms/dvskit.html

Blackfin Online Learning and Development (USED IN ICREALTIME DVRS)
http://www.analog.com/processors/learning/index.html

Workshops
http://www.analog.com/processors/blackfin/training/workshops/index.html

University Program Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.analog.com/processors/universityProgram/universityfaq.html

Mentor Graphics Embedded Systems
http://www.mentor.com/products/embedded_software/

Operating System
http://www.mentor.com/products/embedded_software/nucleus_rtos/index.cfm

TEXAS INTRUMENTS

http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/landing/davinci/whitepapers.html?DCMP=davinci_whitepaper&HQS=Whitepaper+OT+davinciwhitepaper

Streaming Media
http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/202.html

Video Compression and Data Flow for Video Surveillance Texas Instruments White Paper

http://focus.ti.com/lit/wp/spry104/spry104.pdf

DaVinci Technology Overview

http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/sprb189b/sprb189b.pdf

Driving IPTV Growth:
The Challenges and Perspectives

http://focus.ti.com/lit/wp/sphy004/sphy004.pdf

BLOCK DIAGRAM LIBRARY

http://www.ti.com/sc/docs/psheets/diagrams/index.htm

SECURITY END EQUIPMENT SOLUTIONS

http://focus.ti.com/apps/docs/appcategory.tsp?appId=246

DIGITAL VIDEO RECORDER

http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/268.html

CAMERA: SURVEILLANCE ANALOG

http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/408.html

DVR: SECURITY WITH IP

http://focus.ti.com/docs/solution/folders/print/207.html

Amplifiers amplifier.ti.com Audio www.ti.com/audio
Data Converters dataconverter.ti.com Automotive www.ti.com/automotive
DSP dsp.ti.com Broadband www.ti.com/broadband
Clocks and Timers www.ti.com/clocks Digital Control www.ti.com/digitalcontrol
Interface interface.ti.com Medical www.ti.com/medical
Logic logic.ti.com Military www.ti.com/military
Power Mgmt power.ti.com Optical Networking www.ti.com/opticalnetwork
Microcontrollers microcontroller.ti.com Security www.ti.com/security
RFID www.ti-rfid.com Telephony www.ti.com/telephony
RF/IF and ZigBee® Solutions www.ti.com/lprf Video & Imaging www.ti.com/video
Wireless www.ti.com/wireless

CAMERA LEARNING LAB!

Click here for more info!

STAM MULITMEDIA WEB BASED TRAINING SOLUTIONS.

http://www.stamweb.com/Article_Camera.html

Anatomy of a Digital Camera: Image Sensors

CCD Architecture

At its most basic, an image sensor needs to achieve five key tasks: absorb photons, generate a charge from the photons, collect the charge, transfer the charge, and convert it to a voltage. Both CCD and CMOS sensors perform all five tasks. The first three tasks are performed similarly but they diverge in their methods of charge transfer and voltage conversion.

Simple Elegance
CCDs perform fewer functions on-chip than CMOS sensors (see CMOS Architecture), but the simple elegance of the CCD results in superior image quality. Of course, simply because a digital camera has a CCD doesn't mean that the camera itself will produce a superb image. The image quality produced by a digital camera is the result of the entire camera system including the optics, analog to digital conversion, image processing, image sensor, and all the other camera components and processes. Further, the way these components work together is an important factor in determining final image quality.

CCDs are so named for the way they transfer charges between pixel wells, and ultimately out of the sensor. The charges are shifted from one horizontal row of pixels to the next horizontal row from top to bottom of the array. This is a parallel (or vertical) shift register architecture, with multiple vertical shift registers used to transport charges vertically down the rows. The charges are "coupled" to each other (thus the term charge-coupled device) so that as one row of charge is moved vertically, the next row of charge (which is coupled to it) shifts into the pixels thus vacated.

With the charges shifted down the parallel array row by row, you might wonder what happens to the charges in the last row of the sensor device. Using a serial shift register architecture, the last row is actually a horizontal shift register. Charges in that row serially transferred out of the sensor using the charge-coupling technique, making room for the next row to be shifted out, and the next, and so on. This serial transfer of charge out of the CCD is often described as a "bucket brigade," referring to its similarity to the old-fashioned fire department's bucket brigade.

Before being transferred out of the CCD serially, each pixel's charge is amplified resulting in an analog output signal of varying voltage. This signal is sent to a separate off-chip analog to digital converter (ADC) and the resultant digital data is converted into the bytes that comprise the raw representation of the image as captured by the sensor, prior to any post-processing. Unlike computer RAM that represents a 1 or 0 by either storing a charge or not, the charge on a CCD remains in analog form until the ADC stage late in the process.

Because the CCD transfers a pure electric charge over the entire sensor via the charge-coupling process with little resistance or interference from other electronic components, it tends to produce a cleaner, less noisy signal than CMOS sensors (which have much more circuitry than CCDs). The transfer, however, is never 100 percent efficient; some electrons will inevitably be lost somewhere between the pixel well and the sensor readout. A sensor's charge transfer efficiency (CTE) is a defining specification provided by manufacturers.

The Gatekeepers
Electrodes act as gatekeepers to the entire process. Electrodes are conductors that permit current to flow in or out of an electronic device and can act as electronic gates. They are also called by other names in CCDs, according to their function in the sensor design (i.e. transfer gates, exposure control gates, and overflow gates). In the case of transfer gates, the electrodes receive clock pulses of varying voltage that enable the transfer of charge from one pixel well to the next. This includes transfer of pixel charges from row to row down the array, and the final serial readout of the last row. The electronic shutter on a sensor involves using voltage controls and electrodes to limit the integration time (exactly how long a pixel will accept photons and generate electrons), performing an exposure control function. And overflow gates are used to keep electrons from spilling and contaminating adjacent pixel charges.

The most common electrodes are made of polysilicon, though Kodak has introduced another type of electrode made from indium tin oxide (ITO). This can improve the process of capturing electrons in the pixel wells, because ITO is optically more transparent than polysilicon. An unfortunate side effect of polysilicon electrodes is that they can reflect or absorb incoming photons at certain wavelengths.

CMOS electrodes function differently than those on CCDs because of the inherent differences in the way the two kinds of sensors transfer the charge. In other words, CMOS doesn't use the CCD's charge-coupled transfer process. Therefore, CMOS doesn't use electrodes the way CCD does for that process. However, electrodes are used on CMOS to reduce noise and for transfer gates to the offload transistors.

As mentioned, a key function of the electrodes is to act as transfer gates to control the charge transfer in CCDs. To delve a bit deeper in understanding how this process works, let's look at a "four-phase CCD," which has four electrodes per pixel. (Most CCDs are multi-phase devices and the number of the phases/electrodes varies by sensor model.)

The first phase of each pixel has the same voltage applied, as do the second, third, and forth phases. If an electrode receives a high voltage, a potential well is formed beneath the electrode in the silicon substrate, and if it receives a low voltage, a potential barrier is formed, which helps keep the captured electrons (the pixel data) in the potential well. Then by varying the voltages applied to adjacent electrodes in a properly timed sequence, the potential wells can actually be shuttled across the pixel and ultimately into the next pixel, enabling the bucket brigade effect as described above.

Simple but Complex
The four-phase operation is a simple process, though a bit complex to describe in words. We'll try here.

The process starts by first turning off phase one and phase two electrode (gate) voltages in the first clock period, while turning on phase three and phase four electrode voltages in that period. During the second clock period, phase one is turned on and phase three is turned off. Then phase two is turned on and phase four is turned off in the third clock period. Finally phase three is turned on and phase one of the next pixel is turned off during the fourth clock period. This process is repeated to move the charge along the sensor.

Four-phase CCD technology is a popular sensor architecture because it can be created using two layers of material. In addition, according to Philips which uses a four-phase design, it allows for at least 50 percent of the pixel well for storage and also offers the highest charge capacity among competitive designs. A three-phase CCD provides only 33 percent of the pixel well for storage.

Mintron Question and Answers

http://www.mintron.com/

1.What is Minimum Illumination? What is Sensitivity? What does 0.0001 lux stands for?

2.What is 10 bit DSP all about why other company used only 8~9bit DSP?

3.What is F2.0, f3.4mm stand for, how do I choose lenses from these number?

4.What is smear rejection ratio what's the physical meaning of it? How do you measure is?

5.What is CMOS camera? What is it different from CCD camera?

6.What is ROAD MAP of Mintron DSP? What is next exciting product?

7.What is peak detecting mode?

8.What is instantaneous response?

9.What is STAR LIGHT camera?

10.What is S filter, how can s filter be beneficial to image quality?

MANUFACTURE PIXIM

This is the best White Paper that I have found so far about Video Imaging Systems!!

Pixim White Paper

Digital Pixal System Technology

http://www.pixim.com/assets/files/product_and_tech/Pixim_Technology_White_Paper.pdf

Pixim Powered Cameras

http://www.pixim.com/pixim-powered-cameras

http://www.pixim.com/products-and-technology/technology

http://www.pixim.com/products-and-technology/pixim-design-resources

http://www.pixim.com/image-comparisons/side-by-side-images

Pixim-powered cameras with Enhanced Flicker Reduction mode overcome flicker-related issues that plague CCD video cameras!

http://www.pixim.com/news-and-events/press-releases/PIXIM-ANNOUNCES-VIDEO-CAPTURE-BREAKTHROUGH

MANUFACTURE SONY

http://www.sony.net/Products/SC-HP/cx_news/vol49/np_icx638_9aka.html

ICX368AKA (NTSC) ICX369AKA (PAL) PDF

http://www.sony.net/Products/SC-HP/cx_news/vol49/pdf/icx638_9aka.pdf

DIGITAL CCD CAMERA HEAD AMPLIFIER

http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6802110.pdf

HIGH SPEED BUFFER AMPLIFIER FOR CCD IMAGE SENSOR CXA3691AEN

http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6809930.pdf

CCD VERTICAL CLOCK TIMER CXD1267AN

http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6807155.pdf

CCD IMAGE SENSORS

http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/90203.html

1/4 (4.5MM) CCD IMAGE SENSOR FOR NTSC VIDEO CAMERAS ICX228AK

http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6809608.pdf

1/3 (6MM) CCD IMAGE SENSOR FOR NTSC VIDEO CAMERAS ICX418AKL

http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6805298.pdf

1/2 (8MM) CCD IMAGE SENSOR FOR NTSC VIDEO CAMERAS ICX428AKL

http://www.sony.co.jp/~semicon/english/img/sony01/a6805297.pdf

KODAK

CMOS IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS

http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/CMOS/index.jhtml?pq-path=11939

INTERLINE CCD IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS

http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/Interline/index.jhtml?pq-path=12032

FULL FRAME CCD IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS

http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/Fullframe/index.jhtml?pq-path=12138

LINEAR CCD IMAGE SENSOR DATA SHEETS (USED IN SCANNERS)

http://www.kodak.com/global/en/business/ISS/Products/Linear/index.jhtml?pq-path=12139

MANUFACTURE CHIPER
http://www.chiper.com.tw/showproduct.aspx?sn=21

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS CCD SIGNAL PROCESSOR FOR DIGITAL CAMERAS
http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/vsp2260.pdf

LUX SCALE

http://www.axis.com/edu/light_intensity/index.htm

HIGH DEFINITION VIDEO PROCESSOR FOR NEW IP CAMS

Click here for more info!

DM355IPNC-MT5 IP NETWORK CAMERA REFERENCE $35.00 BASE PRICE $50.00 WITH AUDIO, AND POWER OVER ETHERNET.

APTINA PRESS RELEASE

http://www.aptina.com/news/press/texas_instruments_and_micron%E2%80%99s_aptina_imaging_deliver_hd_quality_for_ip_surveillance_networks_at_analog_video_camera_prices/

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS PRESS RELEASE

http://focus.ti.com/apps/docs/mrktgenpage.tsp?contentId=41246&appId=79&DCMP=DSP_IPNetcam&HQS=Other+OT+ipnetcampr

ACTIVE PIXAL SENSORS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor

APRO IP CAMERA

DM 355 IP CAMERA

http://www.appropho.com/NewWeb/Product_DM355_Product.htm

GETTING STARTED GUIDE PDF

http://www.appropho.com/NewWeb/DOC/GettingStartedGuide.pdf

DIGITAL PROCESSOR (3551)

DM355IPNC-MT5 IP NETWORK CAMERA REFERENCE

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DaVinci Processor DM355 (TMS320DM355)

http://www.ti.com/corp/docs/landing/davinci/dm355.html

DAVINCI PROCESSOR REVIEW PDF

http://focus.ti.com/lit/ml/sprb189a/sprb189a.pdf

TMS320DM355 TECHNICAL DETAILS

http://focus.ti.com/docs/prod/folders/print/tms320dm355.html

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

http://focus.ti.com/apps/docs/mrktgenpage.tsp?contentId=33730&appId=79&DCMP=OTC-dsp_davinci_dm355

ARM ARCHITECTURE

ARM WIKI

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture

ARM9TDMI

http://www.arm.com/products/CPUs/families/ARM9Family.html

ARM 9 PDF

http://www.arm.com/pdfs/ARM9_family_flyer_34_5.pdf

PAN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_%28camera%29

TILT

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_%28camera%29

CCTV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-circuit_television_camera

SURVEILLANCE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance

CCTV IMAGES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCTV_Images

CCD
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device

CMOS ACTIVE PIXEL SENSOR
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_pixel_sensor

NIGHT VISION
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_vision

CCD vs. CMOS
http://www.dalsa.com/markets/ccd_vs_cmos.asp

EXVIEW HAD CCD INFO

http://www.rfconcepts.co.uk/cxd2463r.pdf

BOX CAMERA EXAMPLE (MANUAL)

ftp://ftp.panasonic.com/pub/Panasonic/CCTV/OperatingInstructions/WV-CL924A-OPERATING-INSTRUCTIONS.pdf

RORY'S LINKS ON CAMERA FROM WWW.CCTVFORUM.COM

DAY NIGHT, INFRA RED, AND OTHER INFO

http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=6122

SONY INFORMATION

SONY CAMERAS

http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/

RESOURCES

http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/resource

SOLUTIONS, AND TECHNOLOGY

http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/resource.solutions

Deciphering Minimum Illumination Specifications

http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/resource.solutions.bbsccms-assets-cat-camsec-solutions-minIllumination.shtml

USER GUIDES

http://pro.sony.com/bbsc/ssr/cat-securitycameras/cat-cctv/resource.manuals.bbsccms-assets-cat-camsec-manuals-SecurityUserGuides.shtml

CAMERAS ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE!

Click here for more info!

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/pdf/114016main_ET_SRB_Cam_FS.pdf

http://www.eclipticenterprises.com/products_rocketcam_avs.php
http://www.eclipticenterprises.com/

http://www.photonics.com/content/spectra/2003/January/applications/65734.aspx

LENS INFORMATION

FISHEYE
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens

ZOOM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens

VARI FOCAL
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varifocal_len

TELEPHOTO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoto_lens

TAMRON
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamron

http://www.tamron.com/cctv/cctvnew.asp

Neutral Density Filter (FOR BRIGHT OUTDOOR LIGHTING)
http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&partNumber=VF67ND&CategoryName=acc_DIAccessories_DIFilters&DCMP=OVERTUREPI_DF

DYNDNS
http://www.dyndns.com/

Support:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/

DynDNS Certified Hardware:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/clients/hardware/

General Information:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/general.html

Knowledge Base: (articles, how to's, and information)
http://www.dyndns.com/support/kb/

Support Tools:
http://www.dyndns.com/support/tools/

HOW TO NETWORK AVTECH DVRs:
http://scorpiontheater.com/videonetworkingwithavtech.aspx

DSL INFORMATION

DSL Reports:
http://www.dslreports.com/

DSL Reports ATT / Bellsouth:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth

Broadband FAQS:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/faq

DSL Reports Forum:
http://www.broadbandreports.com/forums/all

Broadband Technology: Provider Specific:
http://www.dslreports.com/faqnew

Cable Modems and Wiring Issues:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/cabletech

Brighthouse pdf. Wall plate to splitter to modem to computer:
http://cfl.mybrighthouse.com/uploadedFiles/BHNDivisions/CFLDivision/rr_self_install_instructions.pdf

Road Runner FAQS:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/twcrr

Comcast customer service FAQS
http://www.comcast-ne.com/business/workplace-faq.html

Comcast High Speed Internet FAQS
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/comcast

I USE BELL SOUTH / ATT AS MY SERVICE PROVIDER:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth

CAYMAN / NETOPIA INFO

http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth/3.12_Cayman_Netopia_Info

NETOPIA SCREEN SHOTS

http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth/3.12_Cayman_Netopia_Info#14024

NETOPIA 3346 MANUAL

http://www.fastaccess.drivers.bellsouth.net/documents/ITguide_Cayman_3346.pdf

MOTOROLA INFO ON NETOPIA ( www.netopia.com )

http://www.netopia.com/equipment/products/internet_access.html

NETOPIA 3300 SERIES DATA SHEET

http://www.netopia.com/equipment/products/3000/3300_res_ds.pdf

ATT ONLINE TECH SUPPORT

www.support.att.net

ATT ONLINE TECH SUPPORT NETOPIA

http://www.support.att.net/bellsouth/asp/contentview.asp?ys_audience=uv&ys_service=nhsi&1=1&sprt_cid=5ad08ec4-d51b-43ef-9e2d-76704b883878&isbrowse=true&portalProvider=ATT&UserType=DSL

SATELLITE INTERNET

Two way sat dish manual for SkyVista / ViaSat inc Surf Beam modem. (Cut, and Paste in to browser).

http://www.cpe-labs.com/PDFs/SkyVistaPDFs/SurfBeam Modem Manual.pdf

HughesNet Two Way Internet Sat Dish

http://www.satellitefamily.com/satellite-internet.asp

Wild Blue

http://www.wildblue.com/aboutWildblue/index.jsp

ISP Outgoing SMTP Server Hosts

This is for DVRs to send emails

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol

http://www.e-eeasy.com/SMTPServerList.aspx

http://www.host45.com/resources/ispsmtps.php

Adelphia                                                                    smtp.blk.adelphia.net
Alltel                                                                         mail.alltel.net
AOL                                                                          smtp.aol.com
AT&T                                                                        mailhost.worldnet.att.net
AT&T Business Internet Service                                   mail.attbi.com
BCPL                                                                        mail.bcpl.net
bellatlantic.net                                                            smtpout.bellatlantic.net
Bestweb                                                                    smtp.bestweb.net
BEV.net                                                                    smtp.bev.net
Blacksburg.net                                                          smtp.blacksburg.net
BYU                                                                         nm.byu.edu
CalWeb                                                                    smtp.calweb.com
Charm.net                                                                 smtp.charm.net
Charter Communications                                            smtp.charter.net
chicagonet.net                                                           mail.chicagonet.net
Citizen's Internet                                                        smtp.swva.net
Coastalnet                                                                 mail2.coastalnet.com
Columbia                                                                   smtp.columbia.edu
Comcast                                                                   smtp.comcast.net
Comcast / ATTBI                                                       smtp.comcast.net
CompuServ                                                               smtp.site1.csi.com
CompuServe Classic                                                  mail.compuserve.com
Concentric                                                                smtp.concentric.net
Cox East                                                                  smtp.east.cox.net
Cox West                                                                 smtp.west.cox.net
Crosslink                                                                  smtp.crosslink.net
CU Boulder                                                               eces.colorado.edu
DirecWay                                                                 smtp.direcway.com
EarthLink                                                                mail.earthlink.net
Enter                                                                       smtp.enter.net
Ezy                                                                         smtp.ezy.et
FloydVA.net                                                             mail.floydva.net
ibm.net                                                                    smtp1.ibm.net
interaccess.com                                                       smtp.interaccess.com
ITOL                                                                       mail.itol.com
Juno                                                                      smtp.juno.com
Lycos                                                                    email.1stup.com
MCI2000                                                                  mailrelay.internetmci.com
McLeodusa                                                              email.mcleodusa.net
mediaone.net                                                           smtp.ce.mediaone.net
Mindspring                                                               smtp.mindspring.com
Mpower Communications                                          smtp.mpowercom.net
MSN                                                                        smtp.email.msn.com
netcom.com                                                             smtp.ix.netcom.com
netexpress.net                                                        netexpress.net
NetHere                                                                   mail.nethere.net
Netscape                                                                 smtp.isp.netscape.com
Netzero                                                                   smtp.netzero.net
NRVi.net                                                                  mail.nrvi.net
NTELOS                                                                  mail.ntelos.net
NYU.edu                                                                  is4.nyu.edu
Omega Communications                                           smtp.i-plus.net
PacBell                                                                  mail.pacbell.net
PeoplePC                                                                mail.peoplepc.com
Prodigy                                                                   smtp.prodigy.net
PSINet                                                                    bbr0-f1.sna.com
PSI.net                                                                   relay.smtp.psi.net
PSU.edu                                                                  smtp.psu.edu
PTD.net                                                                    mail.ptd.net
RCN.com                                                                  smtp.rcn.com
Rider.edu                                                                enigma.rider.edu

Road Runner (Florida)                                                smtp-server.cfl.rr.com
Road Runner (Hawaii)                                                smtp-server.hawaii.rr.com
Road Runner (San Diego)                                           mail.san.rr.com
SBC Global Pacbell                                                   smtp.pacbell.yahoo.com
SBC Global Prodigy                                                   smtpauth.prodigy.net
SBC Global SWBell                                                   smtp.swbell.yahoo.com
SBC Global Yahoo!                                                    smtp.sbcglobal.yahoo.com
SDSU                                                                       rohan.sdsu.edu
Shentel                                                                     smtp.shentel.net
SpeakEasy                                                               mail.speakeasy.net
SprintPCS                                                                 smtp.sprintpcs.com
Sysnet                                                                      mail.sysnet.net
telocity.com                                                               smtp.telocity.com
UCCS                                                                        smtp.uccs.edu
UCSD                                                                        smtp.ucsd.edu
ucsf.edu                                                                     mail.ucsf.edu
UMBC                                                                      smtp.gl.umbc.edu
velocityhsi.com                                                           mail.velocityhsi.com
Verio                                                                          mail.verio.net
Verizon                                                                      outgoing.verizon.net
Virginia Tech                                                             smtp.vt.edu
Waypoint                                                                   mail.wayport.net
Yahoo                                                                       smtp.mail.yahoo.com
Ziplink                                                                       smtp.ziplink.net
ZNET                                                                        mail.znet.com

ROUTERS

YouTube Videos "Router Portfoward"

http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=routers+port+fowarding&search_type=&aq=f

BELKIN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belkin

Home Page

http://www.belkin.com/

Wireless Routers

http://catalog.belkin.com/IWCatSectionView.process?Section_Id=200340

F5D9230

http://catalog.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Product_Id=203415

F5D9230 Support

http://www.belkin.com/support/download.asp?lang=1&download=F5D9230uk4&mode=

Wireless Gaming Adapter F5D7330

http://catalog.belkin.com/IWCatProductPage.process?Product_Id=154416

F5D7330 Support

http://www.belkin.com/support/product/?lid=en&pid=F5D7330&scid=223

Linksys:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linksys

Home Networking Basics:
http://www.linksys.com/servlet/Satellite?c=L_Content_C1&childpagename=US%2FLayout&cid=1114037291160&pagename=Linksys%2FCommon%2FVisitorWrapper

Tech Support:
http://www.linksys.com/servlet/Satellite?c=L_Content_C1&childpagename=US%2FLayout&cid=1114037290855&pagename=Linksys%2FCommon%2FVisitorWrapper

Products
http://www.linksys.com/servlet/Satellite?c=L_Product_C1&childpagename=US%2FLayout&cid=1115416939789&pagename=Linksys%2FCommon%2FVisitorWrapper&lid=3978991233B01

Linksys EVDO Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-21.html

SCREEN SHOTS OF LINKSYS WAG-54G

http://www.thinkbroadband.com/hardware/reviews/2004/q4/linksys-wag-54g.html

Netgear:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netgear

http://www.netgear.com/Products/RoutersandGateways.aspx?for=Home+Networking

http://www.netgear.com/Products/Switches/DesktopSwitches/FS108P.aspx

http://www.netgear.com/Products/APsWirelessControllers/AccessPoints/WG102.aspx

Support:
http://kbserver.netgear.com/main.asp

Networking:
http://www.netgear.com/Solutions/HomeNetworking.aspx

Trouble Shooting:
http://kbserver.netgear.com/kb_web_files/n101209.asp

DLink:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlink

http://www.dlink.com/

Products:
http://www.dlink.com/products/category.asp

Tech Support:
http://support.dlink.com/chooseCountry.asp

Dlink EVDO:
http://www.dlink.com/products/?model=DIR-450

Dlink Set Up Simulator

http://support.dlink.com/emulators/di614+/wizardrestart.htm

Kyocera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyocera

http://www.kyocera-wireless.com/kr1-router/

Internet with back up internet with cellular EVDO
http://www.kyocera-wireless.com/kr2-router/

Kyocera EVDO Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-17.html

ProLink Home Page

http://www.prolink2u.com/self/default.php

ProLink Manual and Firmware Page

http://www.prolink2u.com/self/support/downloads/models/dl_h9200.php

ProLink Hurricane 9200 Manual

http://www.prolink2u.com/downloads/pdf/manuals/manual_H9200.pdf

FAQs

http://www.prolink2u.com/self/support/faq/qa_main.php

Forums

http://www.prolink2u.com/community/index.php

PortFoward.com Hurricane 9000 Screen Shots Using GeoVision DVR

http://www.portforward.com/english/routers/port_forwarding/Prolink/Hurricane-9000/GeoVision_TwinDVR_with_Webcam.htm

Firmware other website

http://drivers.softpedia.com/get/FIRMWARE/Prolink/Prolink-Hurricane-9200-Firmware-060823m-and-Utility-10.shtml

Proxicast

Proxicast LAN-Cell 2TM

http://www.proxicast.com/products/lc2features.htm

CradlePoint:

http://www.cradlepoint.com/mbr1000/mbr1000.php

Multiple Fail Over Fail Back Sources

CradlePoint Forum
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-26.html

DD-WRT

FIRMWARE

http://www.dd-wrt.com/dd-wrtv3/index.php

Highlights of DD-WRT v24:
- Virtual SSIDs, Virtual DHCP-Servers, PPTP over WAN enhancements, Bridging + VLAN support, VDSL Support, OLSR-Routing / Freifunk, My Ad Network (powered by AnchorFree), Quaqqa instead of Bird (in X86 + Xscale default), PPPOE-Server, EOIP-Tunnel, Network configuration enhencements, UP-Downstream (QOS), New Packet Scheduler HFSC, Save & Apply, extended DDNS options, extended status information, New Languages, Sipwerk integrated Milkfish into the new release, turning every DD-WRT router into a SIP-aware firewall.

SSID
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSID

VLAN
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlan

IEEE 802.11
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.11

DNS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System

FAIL OVER
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail_over

EVDO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evdo

EVDO INFO:
http://www.evdoinfo.com/

FORUMS

Click here for more forums!

EVDO FORUM:
http://www.evdoforums.com/

Cradlepoint Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-26.html

Kyocera Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-17.html

Linksys Forum:
http://www.evdoforums.com/forum-21.html

Ethernet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet

IEEE 802.3

http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.3.html

Cisco: Configuring and Troubleshooting Ethernet 10/100/1000Mb Half/Full Duplex Auto-Negotiation

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/473/3.html

Charles Spurgeon's Ethernet Information Website

http://www.ethermanage.com/

Gigabit Ethernet
Auto-Negotiation

http://www.ethermanage.com/ethernet/pdf/dell-auto-neg.pdf

IEEE-802.3af states that the Power Sourcing Equipment PSE can choose either Variant A, which places power on lines 1,2,3 ,6 or Variant B lines 4,5,7,8.
A Powered Device (PD) that is IEEE-802.3af compliant must be able to accept power from both sources. Also within the IEEE-802.3 standard the PD device must accept positive or negative on either lines.

From our research we found that most Injectors and Mid spans use Variant B with Positive power on Pins 4.5 and Negative power on 7,6.
Network Switches with PoE seem to use Variant A.
Cisco also uses Variant B but with Positive power on 7,8 and Negative power 4,5.

ETHERNET OVER POWERLINE:

I can only speak for USA style setups, but you can do a search engine to see what comes up for your area.

There are two devices. You will have a start point, and an end point, or several end points.

There is starting point called a powerline injector, and this is connected to your modem, or router, and there is an end point called a powerline adapter where this is connected to your computer, game system, or cctv devices.

You can use an IP camera, or a DVR that has internet capability. The IP camera, or the DVR plugs in to the end point device with an ethernet cable.

Technically you can inject the internet in to the whole power grid, and each house can get the internet from the powerline using powerline adapters.

www.corinex.com

Press Release
http://www.corinex.com/press-releases/empresa-electrica-quito-chooses-corinex-broadband-over-powerline-technology-to-bring-triple-play-to-700-000-homes.html

BPL Access
http://www.corinex.com/medium-low-voltage-bpl-solutions.html

Multi Dwelling Unit Networking
http://www.corinex.com/multi-dwelling-unit-networking.html

Access Neworking
http://www.corinex.com/index.php?page=shop.browse&category_id=3&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=87

Technology Briefs
http://www.corinex.com/brief.html

FAQS
http://www.corinex.com/faq/index.html

NETGEAR Ethernet over powerline

http://www.netgear.com/Products/PowerlineNetworking.aspx

Ethernet over telephone wiring
http://www.corinex.com/product/38.html

Ethernet over Coax
http://www.corinex.com/product/947.html

Home Plug Powerline Alliance
http://www.homeplug.org/home

Home Tech Solutions

Click here for Basic Electronic Learing Lab!

VIDEO PRODUCTS

http://www.allthings.com.au/Cable/other.html

GADGET INFO

Fuse Finder Circuit Breaker Finder
http://www.tlc-direct.co.uk/Products/TMFD500.html

Gadgeteer Kill O Watt Meter http://the-gadgeteer.com/
http://the-gadgeteer.com/review/kill_a_watt_electric_usage_monitor_review

FLUKE TEST TOOLS
http://www.testtools.fluke.dgtlpub.com/data/flash/FL-TOOLS/9000000498/home.html

All About Circuits Trouble Shooting
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_5/chpt_8/2.html

All About Circuits FORUM
http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/

Make Your Own Multimeter
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_6/chpt_3/11.html

How to make your own cat5 cable
http://www.lanshack.com/make-cat5E.aspx

Wire Guage Calculator
http://home.hiwaay.net/~rgs/awgcalculator.html

USB to serial adapter!
http://www.keyspan.com/products/usa19hs/homepage.spml

POWER SUPPLY

Click here for Power Supply Info!

Altronix Tech Tips:
http://www.altronix.com/index.php?pid=4

(What is Class 2 rated power cable)?

A guide to the requirements of the National Electrical Code for Home Theater Installations:

http://www.bluejeanscable.com/articles/inwallrating.htm

DIGICOMM

Drop Connectors, and Jumpers:
Underground and Aerial Installation products:
Grounding products:
Splitters, and Directional couplers:
NIDS, and Enclosures:
Wall Plates, and Cable ties:
RG6, RG59, RG 11:

Digicomm
http://www.digicomm.com/DropInstallation.aspx

CHANNELVISION:

http://www.channelvision.com/

http://channelvision.com/

http://channelvision.com/index.php/Table/TECHNICAL-SUPPORT/

Affinity Digital Cable Combiner

http://www.channelvision.com/products/index/88

http://www.channelvision.com/products/view/427/88

http://beta.channelvision.com/uploads/1215557281_P-0321_MixedSystem.pdf

GUIDES:

Diagrams and Layouts

Mouser Catalog

http://www.mouser.com/catalog/636/newproducts.pdf

Click in the left menu.

LCD DISPLAY INFO

Definition of pixel failure

http://glyn.com/data/glyn/media/doc/Definition_of_pixel_failure.pdf

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Video Switch
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Details.cfm?ProdID=205&category=4

Video Plexors
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=4

Ground Loop Blockers
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=5

Tools
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=10

VIDEO TOOLS
http://www.fmsystems-inc.com/cw/Results.cfm?category=10

RS232 Info:

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232

http://www.beyondlogic.org/serial/serial.htm

http://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_specs.html

http://www.camiresearch.com/Data_Com_Basics/RS232_standard.html

http://www.airborn.com.au/rs232.html

http://www.arcelect.com/rs232.htm

LAKEVIEW RESEARCH CENTER

http://www.lvr.com/serport.htm

RS232 ANALYZER

http://www.232analyzer.com/RS232_Examples/CCTV/Pelco_D_Pelco_P_Examples_Tutorial2.HTM#1

RS232 CONVERTERS

http://www.commfront.com/CommFront-Home.htm

HOW TO CONTROL A PTZ WITH A PC

http://www.commfront.com/RS232_Examples/CCTV/Pelco_D_Pelco_P_Examples_Tutorial.HTM

REMOVING GROUND NOISE IN DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slla268/slla268.pdf

IT IS NOT AN RJ 45, AND IT IS NOT A DB-9!!

RJ = Registered Jack!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ-45

RJ 45: When you meant to say TIA/EIA-568-A or, TIA/EIA-568-B
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIA/EIA-568-B

RJ 11, RJ 14, RJ 25:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RJ11

8P8C:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8P8C

Cross Over Cable:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_crossover_cable

DB-9 WHEN YOU MEANT DE-9 INFO:

D Connector:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DE-9_connector#DE-9_connector

DIAGRAMS AND APPLICATIONS:
http://pinouts.ru/connector/9_pin_D-SUB_female_connector.shtml

DB = 25
Do you snap off 16 pins to make a "DB-9"??

<<<<<THIS IS THE REAL RJ 45!

MICROSOFT INFO

CA SCANNER

Here is a quick scanner to find spyware, and viruses.

http://www.ca.com/us/securityadvisor/pestscan/default.aspx

You will need to download an active X, and then press run. You will need to close your browser, and then reopen it. You will need to go back to the scanner web address. It will take a few second for the scanner to load it's 'check list', and when it is ready it will tell you to press the start button. You will see your files in the box, and it should be going throught the files. If it is blank then you may have to hit the refresh button, and let it reload, and then start it again.

ICRONTIC COMPUTER HELP

Here is a link to Icrontic. This is a 'we will help you' forum with your computer problems.
http://icrontic.com/forum/

Here is the section for Virus, and Spyware help.
http://icrontic.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=57

Start a thread, and tell them the problem that you are having. Someone will tell you what you need to do to get rid of your problems. They will ask you to do an oneline scanner, or to download a program that will let them 'see' what is wrong with your computer. It may take a few minutes, or it may take a day before you receive a reply for help.

Here is a link to the Program Download Section. When they ask you to download a such, and such program this is where you can get it. Usually they will have the title of the program set up as a link, and all you have to do is just click on it, other wise you can go to the download section.

http://icrontic.com/downloads

If you cannot download any programs it is because you did not sign up, and sign in.

The Comprehensive Anti-Spyware Guide
http://icrontic.com/articles/anti_malware_compendium

How to do: Repair and Fresh Install of Windows XP!
http://icrontic.com/articles/repair_install_windows_xp

Fixing Winsock (This is a possible source of the blue screen of death).
http://icrontic.com/articles/fixing_winsock

ZIP SOFTWARE

http://www.rarlab.com/download.htm

http://www.winzip.com/downwz.htm

EARLY COMPUTERS!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80
http://www.trs-80.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64
http://www.vintage-computer.com/commodore64.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_128
http://www.commodore128.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Computer
http://oldcomputers.net/appleii.html

SCART:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCART

HDMI

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI

(NOTE: 1.3 IS THE NEW STANDARD AND IS FULL 340 MHz)

http://www.maplin.co.uk/searchtemplate.asp?criteria=SCART%20TO%20HDMI

http://www.hometheaternetwork.com/HTN_video_I3.htm

http://www.cablesforless.com/

DB9 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B

DB25 FEMALE TO TIA/EIA-568-B

TELEPHONE:

Bell System:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_System

ATT:
http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth

National Butt Museum:
http://www.phonegeeks.com/clicforbigpi.html

Telephone Learning Lab

Telecom Terminology
http://www.ablepanasonic.com/telter.html

Wiring Schemes for Modular Connectors:
http://www.lextec.com/images/ms_modular_colour_codes_lg.jpg

HOME RUN DIAGRAMS AND PROCEDURES

http://www.dslreports.com/faq/bellsouth/10.0_Homerun_Diagrams_and_Procedures

Newton's Telecom Dictionary, 24th Edition: Telecommunications, Networking, Information Technologies, The Internet

http://www.amazon.com/Newtons-Telecom-Dictionary-24th-Telecommunications/dp/0979387310/ref=pd_lpo_k2_dp_k2a_1_txt/103-4274400-5885468?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=lpo-top-stripe-2&pf_rd_r=0RB1S3718TXP38CFMXSN&pf_rd_t=201&pf_rd_p=304485601&pf_rd_i=1578200539

Telephone Forum:
http://www.sundance-communications.com/cgi-bin/ultimatebb.cgi

PARTS, TOOLS, and NICKNACKS:

http://www.phonegeeks.com/index.html

http://www.sundance-communications.com/

Catalog PDF:
http://www.sandman.com/catpages.html

Base color/ Stripe color	Polarity (Tip is Positive)	Pair #	Pin # in 25-pair "Amphenol" Connector	Row # in 66 or 110 Punch-down Block
White/Blue Blue/White	Tip 1 Ring 1	Pair 1	26 1	1 2
White/Orange Orange/White	Tip 2 Ring 2	Pair 2	27 2	3 4
White/Green Green/White	Tip 3 Ring 3	Pair 3	28 3	5 6
White/Brown Brown/White	Tip 4 Ring 4	Pair 4	29 4	7 8
White/Slate Slate/White	Tip 5 Ring 5	Pair 5	30 5	9 10
Red/Blue Blue/Red	Tip 6 Ring 6	Pair 6	31 6	11 12
Red/Orange Orange/Red	Tip 7 Ring 7	Pair 7	32 7	13 14
Red/Green Green/Red	Tip 8 Ring 8	Pair 8	33 8	15 16
Red/Brown Brown/Red	Tip 9 Ring 9	Pair 9	34 9	17 18
Red/Slate Slate/Red	Tip 10 Ring 10	Pair 10	35 10	19 20
Black/Blue Blue/Black	Tip 11 Ring 11	Pair 11	36 11	21 22
Black/Orange Orange/Black	Tip 12 Ring 12	Pair 12	37 12	23 24
Black/Green Green/Black	Tip 13 Ring 13	Pair 13	38 13	25 26
Black/Brown Brown/Black	Tip 14 Ring 14	Pair 14	39 14	27 28
Black/Slate Slate/Black	Tip 15 Ring 15	Pair 15	40 15	29 30
Yellow/Blue Blue/Yellow	Tip 16 Ring 16	Pair 16	41 16	31 32
Yellow/Orange Orange/Yellow	Tip 17 Ring 17	Pair 17	42 17	33 34
Yellow/Green Green/Yellow	Tip 18 Ring 18	Pair 18	43 18	35 36
Yellow/Brown Brown/Yellow	Tip 19 Ring 19	Pair 19	44 19	37 38
Yellow/Slate Slate/Yellow	Tip 20 Ring 20	Pair 20	45 20	39 40
Violet/Blue Blue/Violet	Tip 21 Ring 21	Pair 21	46 21	41 42
Violet/Orange Orange/Violet	Tip 22 Ring 22	Pair 22	47 22	43 44
Violet/Green Green/Violet	Tip 23 Ring 23	Pair 23	48 23	45 46
Violet/Brown Brown/Violet	Tip 24 Ring 24	Pair 24	49 24	47 48
Violet/Slate Slate/Violet	Tip 25 Ring 25	Pair 25	50 25	49 50

Never use a 6 pin plug in an 8 pin jack!

The outer edges of the 6 pin plug will push against pin 1, and pin 8, and will deform them to the point that they will deform beyond the point where

they will return to normal state.

Either use a 6 pin Jack, or use a 8 pin plug!

HOMETHEATER LINKS

ANTENNA ORIENTATION FOR DTV

Guide to cabling

FIRES STOP

http://www.uniquefirestop.com/smooth.htm

Home Page
http://www.uniquefirestop.com/products.htm

Intructions:
http://www.uniquefirestop.com/smooth3.htm

GROUND LOOPS REMOVING GROUND NOISE IN DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slla268/slla268.pdf

CAT 7 VIDEO

http://www.siemon.com/us/learning/08-05-06_tera-cable-and-outlet.asp

http://bomarinterconnect.com/bncproducts.htm

GUIDE TO VOICE DATA AND VIDEO

http://www.vdvworks.com/UncleTed/

http://www.vdvworks.com/UncleTed/PDF/uncleted.pdf

Introduction To Structured Cabling:
http://www.scausa.org/scaintroppt/SCA.htm

STRUCTURED CABLING ASSOCIATION:
http://www.scausa.org/

BICSI

http://www.bicsi.org/

Telecommunications Distribution Methods Manual
http://www.bicsi.org/Content/Index.aspx?File=tdmpubs.htm

Training:
http://www.bicsi.org/content/index.aspx?file=trainingindex.aspx

Course Discriptions:
http://www.bicsi.org/content/index.aspx?file=coursedes.htm

Commercial Installer
http://www.bicsi.org/content/index.aspx?file=installoverview.htm

Cable Skills Challange! Who will win??

http://www.bicsi.org/Content/index.aspx?file=08rel/080430_cablingchallenge.html

Standards Reference Guides

http://www.anixter.com/AXECOM/US.NSF/ProductsTechnology/AnixterStandardsReferenceGuide

Abbreviation References

ANSI American National Standards Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CSA Canadian Standards Association
EIA Electronic Industries Alliance
IEEE Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers
NEC National Electric Code
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
TIA Telecommunications Industry Association

EIA/TIA 568A Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard
EIA/TIA 569 Telecommunications Wiring Pathways and Spaces
EIA/TIA 570 Light Commercial and Residential Telecommunications Cabling
EIA/TIA 606 Telecommunications Cabling System Administration
EIA/TIA 607 Telecommunications System Grounding and Bonding Requirements

LICENSE

Florida:

DBPR (Dibeeper is the trade slang) Home page
https://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/index.html

Department of Business, and Professional Regulation
https://www.myfloridalicense.com/NewApplicationInstruct.asp?Page=intentions2.asp&SID=

FAQs
https://www.myfloridalicense.com/faq.html#ComingSoon

Florida Alarm Association
This needs to be cut and pasted in to your browser
http://www.fla-alarms.org/Consumer/licensed contractors.asp

Alarm Ordinances Cut and Paste
http://www.fla-alarms.org/Member/Mind Your Business/False Alarms/index.asp

Starting a Business
http://sunbiz.org/startbus.html

Business Registration
http://sunbiz.org/register.html

OnLine Fictitious Name Registration
https://efile.sunbiz.org/ficregintro.html

Florida Small Business.com
http://www.floridatrend.com/small_biz.asp

Annual Resale Certificate for Sales Tax Signup here, or there are some good FAQs to read!

http://dor.myflorida.com/dor/taxes/resale.html

Florida State Statues
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1

_____________________________________________________________

Texas:

http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/psb/alarm.pdf

http://www.txdps.state.tx.us/psb/forms/forms/CompleteCompanyLicenseApplicationsInstructions.pdf

http://www.tbfaa.org/html/licensing_info.asp#BALicensing

_____________________________________________________________

New York:

http://www.dos.state.ny.us/lcns/install1.htm

Division of Licensing Services
84 Holland Ave.
Albany, NY 12208-3490
Phone: (518) 474-4429
Fax: (518) 473-6648
E-mail: licensing@dos.state.ny.us

FIBER OPTICS

Voice Data Video Cabling (VDV) Lot of good links!!
http://www.vdvacademy.com/

Free Fiber Optic Training:
http://www.vdvacademy.com/

Fiber Optics Association:
http://www.thefoa.org/

Fiber optic links from the Fiber Optics Association website:
http://www.thefoa.org/fo_urls.htm

What is OM3 Cabling?
http://www.thefoa.org/tech/OM.html

User's Guide To Fiber Optic System Design and Installation:
http://www.thefoa.org/user/

Jim Hayes Home Page:
http://www.jimhayes.com/

SCA
Fiber Optic Association
VDV Academy
Guide to Fiber Optics
Guide to VDV Cabling (voice data video)

He owned Fotec and it was acquired in 2001 by Fluke.
Fotec was one of the world's first fiber optic test equipment companies.

XANTECH

http://xantech.com/

IR Diagram

This was posted by intelliGEORGE on Aug 14, 2007 www.cctvforum.com

http://www.cctvforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=9599

1. Use solid core co-axial cable only, not stranded cable. The solid core must have a copper core with copper shield.

2. Avoid high voltage cable. A good rule to follow is: for every 100 volts there should be a separation of 1ft between the video cable and power cable.

3. While cabling, avoid areas like electrical equipment or transmitter rooms etc., where EMI interference is expected. This can create all types of interference to the video picture. Co-axial cable is very easily prone to EMI.

4. Minimize cable breaks - Every extra connection in the cable can deteriorate the quality of the video signal. If unavoidable, make sure the insulation is good; otherwise over time the exposed cable can touch the ground causing ground loop currents. It may be difficult or expensive to fix such problems in the future.

5. Avoid sharp bends, which affects the cable impedance causing picture reflection and distortion. This is especially true while getting all the cable into the CCTV monitor rack.

6. Poor BNC connections are the major cause of poor picture quality. Also BNC connectors should be replaced every couple of years and should be part of the system maintenance program.

7. Use metal conduits for high security applications.

8. Use heavy-duty cable for outdoor applications providing better protection against the elements.

IP Addressing

Every device connected to the network that uses the TCP/IP protocol has a unique IP address.

IP Address = Internet Protocol Address.

In the current version 4.0, the IP address is made up of four sets of numbers separated by dots. Example: 131.103.243.192. Each number set is one byte or 8 bits long. In other words the IP address is 4 bytes or 32 bits long.
Since each number set is 8 bits long, it covers a number range of 0 to 255.

Therefore the max number of an IP address is 255.255.255.255

Parts of an IP address

The IP address has two parts. One part is the network address, while the second part gives the device address within the network. The IP address can be compared to the mailing address

Network address = Zip Code
Device address = Street or PO Box address.

The identification of the network and device address within the IP address depends upon the classification of the network.

Class A:
The first number set is used to specify the network address, while remaining three number sets specify the device. Address Range: 001.xxx.xxx.xxx to 127.xxx.xxx.xxx

Example: 81.234.101.56
All the numbers in this class are already assigned. Government or large commercial organizations have been assigned this range.

Class B:
First two number sets indicate the network address, while the balance two indicate the device. Address Range: 128.001.xxx.xxx to 191.254.xxx.xxx

Example: 144.56.234.101
This class is assigned to universities, commercial organizations and Internet Service Providers (ISP).

Class C:
In this case the first 3 number sets specify the network address, while the remaining number set indicates the device address. Address Range: 192.000.001.xxx to 223.255.254.xxx

Example: 228.7.8.201
The maximum number of devices that can be attached to a single network address is 254; it is therefore suitable for smaller networks.

Shortage of IP address

The numbers of networks and devices have exploded in the recent past. This means that the availability of IP addresses is getting exhausted. Some

Options:

Temporary IP Address;

One solution to overcome the IP address shortage is to provide temporary address to devices as and when the device connects to the Internet. After the device disconnects, the same address can be given to another device, this how ISP’s operate.

Reduce Need for IP Address:

The Router, which is the starting point of the network, has a fixed IP address. All the devices connected to this network use this IP address. The router has the address list of the devices network card (NIC) and uses this address to communicate within the network.

IP version 6.0

To overcome the IP address shortage, a new version 6.0 is being proposed. It has 6 number sets separated by dots. The size of the address will be 128 bits. With the introduction of version 6.0, there would 5 classes A, B, C, D and E.

Resolution

Resolution is a key specification of any CCTV equipment. It is the quality of definition and clarity of a picture. It is defined in number of lines for an analog signal and number of pixels for a digital signal.

More lines or pixels = higher resolution = better picture quality.

Camera resolution depends upon the number of pixels in the CCD chip. If a camera manufacturer can put in more pixels in the same size CCD chip, that camera will have a better resolution. In other words the resolution is directly proportional to the number of pixels in the CCD chip. Any CCTV device has two types of resolution, vertical and horizontal:

Vertical Resolution

Vertical resolution = number of horizontal lines or pixels. The vertical resolution cannot be greater the number of TV scanning lines, which is 625 lines for PAL and 525 lines for NTSC. Because some of the lines are lost in the interlacing of fields, the maximum vertical resolution possible as per the Kell factor is 0.75 of the number of horizontal scanning lines. Using this, the maximum vertical resolution possible is
For PAL 625 X .75 = 470 lines
For NTSC 525 X .75 = 393 lines

Vertical resolution is not a critical issue as most camera manufacturers achieve this figure.

Horizontal Resolution

Horizontal resolution = number of vertical lines. Theoretically horizontal resolution can be increased infinitely, but the following two factors limit this

• It may not be technological possible to increase the number of pixels in a chip.
• As the number of pixels increase in the chip, the pixel size becomes smaller which lowers the sensitivity. There is a trade off between resolution and sensitivity.

If only one resolution is shown in the data sheet, it usually it is the horizontal resolution.

Measuring Resolution

There are different methods to measure resolution:
1. Resolution Chart

The camera is focused on a resolution chart and the vertical lines and horizontal lines are measured on the monitor. The resolution measurement is the point were the lines start merging and they cannot be separated.

Problems

• The merging point can be subjective as different people perceive it differently
• The resolution of the monitor must be higher than the camera. This is not a problem with Black and white monitors, but is a problem with many color monitors as they usually have a lower resolution as compared to a color camera.

2. Bandwidth Method

This is a scientific method to measure the resolution. The bandwidth of the video signal from the CCTV equipment is measured on an oscilloscope. Multiply this bandwidth by 80 to give the resolution of the camera.

Example: If the bandwidth is 5 MHz, the camera resolution will be 5 * 80 = 400 lines

Human Eye and CCTV Technology

The CCTV and video technology has been designed to meet the characteristics of the human eye. Starting with the camera, the human eye is the final recipient of the video signal. This information will explain how some of the properties of the human eye have made an impact on CCTV or video technology.

Eye and Persistency of Image

The human eye and a camera are quite similar. Both have a lens, an iris, and a light sensitive imaging area. In a camera it is the CCD chip, while in the eye it is the retina.

It is important to understand the Persistency of Image of the human eye. Any image formed by the eye is retained in the Retina for 40 ms (0.004 sec) only and after that it disappears.

This is known as the persistency of the human eye. For continuity it is necessary that the next frame or image is formed within 40 ms, if not, the human will see discrete frames with no continuity.

Converting this to frames per sec, it means the human eye requires a minimum of 24 frames per sec for a picture to look continuous. This basic concept was used when PAL and NTSC TV transmission standards were set up.

NTSC has 30 frames per sec, and is used in USA and Japan.
PAL has 25 frames per sec, and is popular in Europe and Asia

On the surface; both these standards meet the minimum requirements, but have an underlying problem. In both PAL and NTSC systems, there is a certain time taken when the first frame comes to an end and the next frame starts. During this time a blank pulse is added.

Since the PAL and NTSC systems are just above the minimum requirement, the human eye is able to perceive the blank pulse between the frames and this is seen as screen flickering. To overcome this problem, the frame is divided into two fields – odd and even fields. This way the blank pulse appears 50 times (PAL) and 60 times (NTSC) every sec. At this frequency, the human cannot perceive the blank pulse and therefore the screen flickering is avoided.

This is not an issue with computer monitors because the refresh rate is 100 times per sec and they do not use the PAL or NTSC standards.

A point of interest - have you seen the moving lines on a computer monitor while watching television? This is because of the different refresh rates of a computer and TV.

We discussed the concept of persistency of the human eye and why we require at least 25 frames per sec for the moving images to look continuous. In part 2, we will deal with the sensitivity of the human eye, which in many ways determines the bandwidth of the digital signal and also the video compression techniques used.

Basic Colors

It is known that the three basic colors of light are Red, Green and Blue (RGB). These colors are mixed and matched to form all the different colors.
An analysis of the spectral response of the human eye reveals that it is most sensitive to green light, while the response to red and blue is limited. Based on this finding, the brightness of a picture (Y) can be defined by the following equation:

Y = 0.3R (Red) + 0.59G (Green) + 0.11B (Blue)

A composite video signal contains Brightness Y and the basic colors RGB in the color burst. When converting this analog signal into a digital signal, sampling the green signal is not necessary. Only the Brightness, Blue and Red are part of the digital signal. This is also called the YUV (Brightness, Primary color 1, Primary color 2) signal.

Green is reconstructed by using the above equation
G = (Y - 0.3R - 0.11B) / 0.59

This helps reduce the size or bandwidth of the digital signal as only three components are used, instead of four.

Sampling Colors

The human eye has 120 million Rods and 8 million Cones. These are like pixels in the CCD chip. A CCD chip only has about 350,000 pixels, meaning a much lower picture quality as compared to the human eye. Rods are sensitive to the brightness of an image while cones handle the color. Since the numbers of available cones are limited, the sensitivity of the human eye to colors in a moving picture is not very high. Because of this, it is possible to reduce the image bandwidth by reducing the sampling rate of colors as compared to Y.

4:4:4 sampling

Here each pixel in the chip is sampled for brightness (Y), Primary color 1 (U) and primary color 2 (V). For a digital signal with 640X 480 pixels (307 KB), the bandwidth would be

307 KB (Y) + 307 KB (U) + 307 KB (V) = 921 KB

4:2:2 sampling

Here each pixel is sampled for Y (640X 480), but only every alternate horizontal pixel is sampled (320 X 480) for the color component. The bandwidth in this case will be

307 KB (Y) + 154 KB (U) + 154 KB (V) = 615 KB

This color sampling process is used in JPEG and MPEG compression

4:2:0 sampling

Here each pixel is sampled for Y (640X 480), but only every alternate horizontal and vertical pixel is sampled (320 X 240) for color. The bandwidth in this case will be

307 KB (Y) + 77 KB (U) + 77 KB (V) = 461 KB

To further reduce the image size, different compression techniques like JPEG, MPEG and Wavelet are used.

Lens Construction and Chromatic Aberration

To understand the construction of the lens, it is important to understand the theory of light. The speed of light when traveling through air is roughly 299,460 km per second. When light passes from air into a denser medium at an angle, like glass or water, its speed slows down by the index of refraction of the medium. The following table gives a comparison for the various mediums.

Medium Index of Refraction Speed of Light
Air / Vacuum 1.0 299,460 km/sec
Water 1.33 225,158 km/sec
Glass 1.5 199,640 km/sec
Diamond 2.42 123,744 km/sec

As the wave of propagation is still continuous, this slowing down bends the light beam when it enters the new medium. It is similar to a bicycle changing direction when it enters sand from road. This basic principle is used in the construction of a lens. Convex and concave lenses are the basic lens types that make the light beam converge and diverge respectively. These basic lens types are mixed and matched to give a wide variety of lenses.

Chromatic Aberration of Light

When light is refracted through glass, a lens error called chromatic aberration occurs. What is chromatic aberration? Visible light is made of different colors and each color has a different frequency. These colors will bend differently compared to each other when they pass through a single convex lens, resulting in a scattered focal point, meaning the picture will not be focused properly.

To overcome this error, several different lenses are grouped together. This can make the lens construction complex and therefore more expensive. There are lenses available that do not resolve the chromatic error accurately and are not compatible for use with color cameras, as they will not give a sharp focus for all the colors in the picture. The same reasoning and logic is applicable for the infrared frequency range also. For this reason, in many cases, when an infrared illuminator is used with a monochrome camera the picture is not properly focused.

Lens Construction and Quality

Different Glass Groups in a lens

Many people are under the impression that a lens is made up of a single lens. This is not true. Besides glass pieces required for correcting chromatic aberration, additional glass is also required:

• To focus the lens on objects at different distances

When the lens focus moves from one object to another at a different distance, or when it follows a moving object, the lens elements reposition, i.e. the focal point changes and the picture thus always remain clear. This is not a problem with the human eye which varies the thickness of the lens. A long way to go to catch up with this advanced technology!

• To achieve different focal lengths in a zoom lens

The glass pieces move in relation to each other to achieve different magnification of the object, resulting in different focal lengths in a zoom lens.

Factors effecting lens quality

During construction, the following factors will determine the quality of the lens.

1. Number of glass pieces used

More glass pieces combined together in a lens may help in reducing chromatic error, improving focusing etc, but will increase light absorption, resulting in lesser light availability to the camera. There is a trade off between accuracy and absorption.

2. Absorption factor of the glass

Poor quality glass will absorb more light, again resulting in lower light availability to the camera. Obviously glass with lower absorption factor will cost more.

3. Coating and polishing:

The quality of coating and polishing of the glass can improve lens quality.

4. Mechanism:

Precision and reliability of the mechanism that moves the glass pieces within the lens is important. Poor quality mechanisms can lead to inaccurate settings that may not be consistent.

Different Elements of a Zoom Lens

A zoom lens is a lens that can be changed in focal length continuously without losing focus. Magnification of a scene can be changed with a single lens, but every time the position shifts, the lens must be refocused. If two lenses are combined, it is possible to change the magnification without disturbing the focus. A zoom lens is made of the following groups

1. Focusing lens group: The focusing lens group brings an object into focus. It moves irrespective of the zoom ratio or current focal length.

2. Variator lens group: The variator lens group changes the size or magnification of the image

3. Compensator lens group: When moved in relation to the variator group, the compensator lens group corrects the shift in focus.

Lens groups 1 to 3 are the core of the zoom lens, and are called the zoom unit

4. Relay lens: Since the zoom unit does not converge light, the relay lens group is placed behind it to focus the object on to the CCD chip.
Zoom lens design requires extensive optical path tracing and continues self correcting performance evaluation effort. It also involves the use of powerful computers and specialist software.

Camera Sensitivity / Minimum Scene Illumination

Sensitivity, measured in lux indicates the minimum light level required to get an acceptable video picture. There is a great deal of confusion in the CCTV industry over this specification. There are two definitions "sensitivity at faceplate" and "minimum scene illumination"

• Sensitivity at faceplate indicates the minimum light required at the CCD chip to get an acceptable video picture. This looks good on paper, but in reality does not give any indication of the light required at the scene.

• Minimum scene illumination indicates the minimum light required at the scene to get an acceptable video picture. Though the correct way to show this specification, it depends upon a number of variables. Usually the variables used in the data sheet are never the same as in the field and therefore do not give a correct indication of the actual light required. For example a camera indicating the minimum scene illumination is 0.1 lux. Moon light provides this light level, but when this camera is installed in moon light, the picture quality is either poor or there is no picture. Why does this happen? It is because the field variables are not the same as those used in the data sheet.

How does it work?

Usually light falls on the subject. A certain percentage is absorbed and the balance is reflected and this moves toward the lens in the camera. Depending upon the iris opening of the camera a certain portion of the light falls on the CCD chip. This light then generates a charge, which is converted into a voltage. The following variables should be shown in the data sheet while indicating the minimum scene illumination.

• Reflectance
• F Stop
• Usable Video
• AGC
• Shutter speed

Reflectance

Light from a light source falls on the subject. Depending upon the surface reflectivity, a certain portion of this light is reflected back which moves towards the camera. Below are a few examples of surface reflectivity.

• snow = 90%
• grass = 40%
• brick = 25%
• black = 5%

Most camera manufacturers use an 89% or 75% (white surface) reflectance surface to define the minimum scene illumination. If the actual scene you are watching has the same reflectance as in the data sheet, then there is no problem, but in most cases this is not true. If you are watching a black car, only 5% of the light is reflected and therefore at least 15 times more light is required at the scene to give the same amount of reflected light. To compensate for the mismatch, use the modification factor shown below.

Modification factor F1 = Rd/Ra
Rd = reflectance used in the data sheet
Ra = reflectance of the actual scene

Lens Speed

The reflected light starts moving towards the camera. The first device it meets is the lens, which has a certain iris opening. While specifying the minimum scene illumination, the data sheet usually specifies an F Stop of F1.4 or F1.2. F Stop gives an indication of the iris opening of the lens. The larger the F Stop value, the smaller the iris opening and vice versa. If the lens being used at the scene does not have the same iris opening, then the light required at the scene requires to be compensated for the mismatch in the iris opening.

Modification factor F2=- Fa² / Fd²
Fa = F-stop of actual lens
Fd = F-stop of lens used in data sheet.

Usable Video

After passing through the lens the light reaches the CCD chip and generates a charge which is proportional to the light falling on a pixel. This charge is read out and converted into a video signal. Usable video is the minimum video signal specified in the camera data sheet to generate an acceptable picture on the monitor. It is usually measured as a percentage of the full video.

Example: 30% usable video = 30% of 0.7 volts (full video or maximum video amplitude) = 0.2 volts. The question here is: Is this acceptable?

Unfortunately there is no standard definition for usable video in the industry and most manufacturers do not indicate their definition in the data sheet while measuring the minimum scene illumination.

It is recommended to be aware of the useable video percentage used by the manufacturer while specifying the minimum scene illumination in the data sheet. The minimum scene illumination should be modified if the useable video used in the data sheet is not acceptable.

Modification Factor F3 = Ua/Ud
Ua = actual video required at the site as % of full video
Ud = usable video % used by the manufacturer

AGC

AGC stands for Automatic Gain Control. As the light level reduces the AGC switches on and the video signal gets a boost. Unfortunately, the noise present also gets a boost. However when the light levels are high, the AGC switches off automatically, because the boost could overload the pixels causing vertical streaking etc.

The data sheet should indicate if the AGC is “On” or “Off” while measuring minimum scene illumination. If the data sheet indicates AGC is "on" yet, if in reality the AGC is "off" then the minimum scene illumination in the data sheet should be modified

Modification Factor F4 = Ad/Aa
Ad = AGC position in the data sheet
Aa = Actual AGC position

If AGC off = 1, then AGC on = db figure from the data sheet

Shutter Speed

These days most cameras have an electronic shutter speed which allows one to adjust the timing of the charge read of the CCD chip. The standard read out is 50 times (PAL) and 60 times (NTSC) per second. If the shutter speed is increased to say 1000 times per sec, that means the light required at the scene should be 20 times more (for PAL). Increasing the shutter speed allows the picture to be crisper, but requires more light. Use the following modification factor

Modification Factor F5 = Sa/Sd
Sd = Default shutter speed (PAL - 1/50 sec NTSC - 1/60 sec)
Sa = Actual shutter speed being used

Adjusted Minimum Scene Illumination

The minimum scene illumination of the camera must be adjusted because of the mismatch between the actual conditions in the field and the variables used in the data sheet.
Ma = (F1*F2*F3*F4*F5) * Md
Ma = adjusted minimum scene illumination
Md = minimum scene illumination as per the camera data sheet

Comparison

Compare the actual light at the scene (L) with the adjusted minimum scene illumination (Ma). If the light available is more than the adjusted minimum scene illumination, then the current camera can be used. If the actual light at the scene is lower than the adjusted minimum scene illumination of the camera, then the camera setting may require adjustment or an alternative solution is necessary. The following steps will help resolve the issue.

Step 1

Check if camera variables can be changed
• If AGC is switched off, then switch AGC on
• Accept a lower usable video %
• Reduce shutter speed, if possible
• Use a lens with a lower F-stop

If no success go step 2

Step 2

• Find a more sensitive camera
• own grade from color to B/W camera
• Add Infrared light if B/W camera is being used
• Add more lighting at the scene

Composite Video Signal

In CCTV the video signal is called Composite Video. It has a maximum amplitude of 1 volt peak to peak and is made up of the following parts;

- Video signal
- Horizontal sync pulse
- Vertical sync pulse

Video Signal

The greater the amount of light on the pixel the larger the amplitude of the video signal is. In a composite video, the maximum amplitude of the video signal is 0.7 volts.

Vertical Sync Pulses

A video picture is made up of video frames. In NTSC there are 30 frames or 60 fields per sec, while PAL has 25 frames or 50 fields per sec.

At the end of each frame or field, a vertical sync pulse is added. This sync pulse tells the electronic devices in the camera and other CCTV component that the field has come to an end and gets them ready to receive the next frame or field. The amplitude of this pulse is a 0.3 volts. This when added to the video signal, gives total amplitude of 1 volt peak to peak.

Horizontal Sync Pulse

A video frame is made of lines. In NTSC there are 525 lines per frame, while PAL has 625 lines per frame. Each point in the line reflects the intensity of the video signal. At the end of each line, a horizontal sync pulse is added. This sync pulse tells the electronic devices in the CCTV system that a line has come to an end and to get ready for the start of the next line. This also has amplitude of 0.3 volts.

The above is a quick overview of the components of a composite video. Below are some statistics and additional information about a video signal.

Horizontal and Vertical Scanning Frequencies

The following table details the different frequencies under the NTSC and PAL system

Frame Frequency: 30 per sec (NTSC) 25 per sec (PAL)
Duration of each frame 1 / 30 sec (NTSC) 1/25 sec (PAL)
No of fields per frame 2 (NTSC & PAL)
Field frequency 60 per sec (NTSC) 50 per sec (PAL)
Duration of each field 1 / 60 sec (NTSC) 1/50 sec (PAL)
No of lines per frame 525 (NTSC) 625 (PAL)
No of lines per field 262.5 (NTSC) 312.5 (PAL)
No of lines per sec 525 X 30 =15750 (NTSC) 625 X 25 = 15625 (PAL)
Duration of each line 1 / 15750 sec or 63.5us (NTSC) 1 / 15625 sec or 64 us (PAL)

Horizontal and Vertical Blanking

Retrace or fly back is the time required to move from the end of one line to the start of the next line or from the end of one field to the start of the next field. No picture information is scanned during the retrace and therefore must be blanked out. In television, blanking means going to black level.
The retrace must be very rapid, since it is wasted time in terms of picture information. The time needed for horizontal blanking is approximately 16% of each horizontal line. The time for the vertical blanking is approximately 8% of the vertical field

Field duration 30 per sec (NTSC) 25 per sec (PAL)
Vertical blanking 1 / 30 sec (NTSC) 1/25 sec (PAL)
Line Loss due vertical blanking 2
Line duration 60 per sec (NTSC) 50 per sec (PAL)
Horizontal blanking 1 / 60 sec (NTSC) 1/50 sec (PAL)

Horizontal and Vertical Synchronization

The blanking pulse puts the video signal at the black level, the synchronization pulse starts the actual retrace in scanning. Each horizontal sync pulse is inserted in the video signal within the time of the horizontal blanking pulse and each vertical sync pulse is inserted in the video signal within the time of the vertical blanking time. The following is the frequency of each synchronization pulse.

Vertical 60 Hz (NTSC) 50 Hz (PAL)
Horizontal 15750 Hz (NTSC) 15625 Hz (PAL)

The Colour Signal

A color video signal is the same as monochrome except that the color information in the scene is also included, which is transmitted separately. The following two signals are transmitted separately

Luminance signal: known as the Y signal, contains the variations in the picture information as in a monochrome signal and is used to reproduce the picture in black and white.

Chrominance signal: known as the C signal, contains the color information. It is transmitted as the modulation on a sub carrier. The sub carrier frequency is 3.58 MHz for NTSC and 4.43 MHz for PAL.

Construction of the Composite Video Signal

The composite video has the following parts:

- Camera signal output corresponding to the variation of light in the scene
- The sync pulses to synchronize the scanning
- The blanking pulses to make the retrace invisible

For color signals, the chrominance signal and color sync burst are added.

Key Consideration for Effective 24 hours CCTV

When designing CCTV systems for effective 24-hour surveillance, there are particular areas, which must be addressed regarding the night time performance of the system;

- Camera
- Lens
- Illumination

1. Camera

All cameras are not the same, and some are better suited to providing effective coverage at night. It can be a minefield for installers with impressive claims of zero/low lux use cameras, but in essence without light there can be no picture. All CCD cameras offer some degree of IR response though some have enhanced I.R. performance which make them more suitable for longer range applications or for use with low power IR sources such as LED`s.

Until recently the most IR sensitive cameras were based on frame transfer chips. Recently some new chip sets have become available mainly in ½ formats.

These offer excellent low noise, high resolution, and low smear characteristics together with excellent IR response. They also overcome some of the draw backs of the frame transfer cameras.

Some cameras offer integration as a method of improving night-time performance - multiplying the light available by several factors. However the application of this technology may be limited to more fixed or static situations with limited movement on scene because of jerkiness caused by the integration.

Several dual mode cameras (day-night, dual technology) have been launched over the last few years. These are intended to provide the best compromise for 24 hour surveillance - colour by day and monochrome / IR sensitive by night.

These are different forms of dual modes with some incorporating optical filters, which are moved over the CCD sensor for daytime/colour operation - and removed during night-time/monochrome to maximise the low light sensitivity. Other camera designs incorporate specialised filters, which show both good colour performance and IR sensitivity.
The key elements to consider when choosing your camera are:

- Sensitivity - low light performance
- Signal to noise ratio - a good s/n ratio will provide "clean" pictures
- Spectral response - the ability of the camera to see IR wavelengths

2. Lens

The night-time performance of lenses is sometimes overlooked. There is a compromise to be made - at night you want to maximise the light gathering capability of your lens (i.e. have the smallest `f` stop). This will reduce the depth of field of the picture, which may cause focusing problems. This obviously is less of a problem with auto iris lenses where the lens will
naturally open to its maximum aperture (lowest `f` stop) in low light operation but on the fixed lens there may need to be a compromise between the low light operation and its depth of field focusing.

Focus Shift

Daylight and IR light have different focal lengths/points.

This may cause a focus shift between day time and IR operation. The degree of focus shift may depend on a variety of factors depending on the quality of lenses, the wavelength of the IR filter (830nM & 950nM will give a more exaggerated focus shift).

However, more recently some manufacturers have developed a range of lenses with zero focus shift between daytime and IR performance.

3. Illumination

The key for a successful night-time scheme is having sufficient light, the right quality of light and the right control over the light.

The best night-time solution for CCTV is Infra-Red lighting at the camera head controlled by either telemetry or photocell.

Key Design Consideration

730nM filters are brighter in appearance than 830nm or 950nm but provide more useable Infra-Red radiation for cameras. In certain applications the red appearance of 730nm filters may provide an additional deterrent to 830nm & 950nm applications. When using 830nm or 950nm filters, ensure IR enhanced cameras are used for maximum performance.

Match the field of view of camera/lens with lens on Infra-Red lamp.

An even illumination is needed to allow a CCTV camera to work within its dynamic range.

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Anatomy of a Digital Camera: Image Sensors